<p>Shuckstack is a mountain in the Great Smoky Mountains of Swain County, North Carolina, in the southeastern United States. It has an elevation of 4,024 ft above sea level, and rises approximately 2,300 ft above Fontana Lake, to the south.</p><br>
<p>An old fire tower stands at the summit of Shuckstack, offering a panoramic view of the southwestern Smokies and the Nantahala Mountains. Although no longer in use, the fire tower is open to the public. The summit of Shuckstack is accessed via the Appalachian Trail and a short spur trail. The spur trail is marked by a t-shaped white blaze, and is approximately 3.5 mi from the parking lot on the north side of Fontana Dam. It is considered a strenuous hike due to the rapid elevation gain—approximately 2,100 ft in 2.5 mi.</p><br>
<p>Along with the fire tower, the summit of Shuckstack also harbors the chimney and foundation of what was once a fire marshall&#39;s cabin along with several outcroppings of precambrian Ocoee Supergroup sandstone.</p><br>
<p>The James Lick Mansion, in Santa Clara, California, is the estate of James Lick, who was the richest man in California at the time of his death in 1876. The estate is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. This property was once part of the Rancho Ulistac land grant, a square league reaching from the Alviso shoreline southward and encompassing all the land between the Guadalupe River and Saratoga Creek.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Lick era</h3><br>
<p>The complex of buildings reflects the varied uses of the property over its history. The major historical constructions are a brick granary and millpond from the original mill built by James Lick around 1855, the large house built by Lick around 1858 and a late Victorian-era office building.</p><br>
<p>Lick built this Italianate Victorian mansion between 1858 and 1860 next to his flour mill. The mansion is constructed of native redwood featuring detailed woodwork and imported marble fireplaces in each of its 24 rooms.</p><br>
<p>His farm background helped him realize the potential of the site for agricultural production. Around the mansion and mill, Lick developed a highly successful orchard operation and pioneered the introduction of new fruits and horticultural techniques. Imported specimens include the large cork oaks on the property planted by Lick himself.</p><br>
<h3>Later</h3><br>
<p>An 1882 fire destroyed the mill and in 1902 the Lick Mill complex was converted to the manufacture of alcohol. A series of owners, including Union Distilling, Western Grain and Sugar Products, Western Carbonic Gas, American Salt and Chemical, and Commercial Solvents and Chemical, manufactured a wide variety of products at this location.</p><br>
<h3>Present day</h3><br>
<p>The Lick Mansion and grounds are located at 4101 Lick Mill Blvd., Santa Clara, on the grounds of the Mansion Grove Apartment complex. The grounds are now privately owned and closed to the public.</p><br>
<p>Professorville is a registered historic district in Palo Alto, California that contains homes that were built by Stanford University professors. The historic district is bounded by Kingsley and Addison avenues and the cross streets of Ramona and Waverly. The community considers the district to be larger and bounded by Addison and Cowper St. to the north west and north east and Emerson St. and Embarcadero Rd. to the south west and south east.</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<p>The Professorville Historic District reflects the area&#39;s origins and its early years related to the founding of both Stanford University and Palo Alto itself. Stanford University allowed professors to build houses on Stanford land, but would only lease the land. Professorville was the closest place to the campus and downtown Palo Alto that was not owned by the Stanfords. Professors who preferred to own their own land rather than lease it from the Stanfords built their homes there. Lot sizes in Professorville vary greatly in size and location, including flag lots. The developer of the tract was eager to sell the land and so he sold various lot sizes including full blocks and half blocks. The owners of the large lots then sold off portions of their property, starting at the outer edges, until the original buildings themselves were on a modest sized remaining lot. In June 2010, the median list price for houses in Professorville was $1.85 million.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The buildings most representative of Professorville are brown-shingled houses with gambrel roofs, whose stylistic influences range from Colonial Revival to American Craftsman. Dutch Colonials are the predominant architecture on three blocks of Kingsley Avenue.</p><br>
<p>One of the largest residences, a 3-story, 14-room frame house at 450 Kingsley, is the former home of Stanfords first physics professor, Fernando Sanford designed by architect Frank McMurray of Chicago. The house includes features fashionable at the time such as a Queen Anne corner tower and a Palladian window in front. Other former professors houses include 1005 Bryant, built for professor Frank Angell who founded the university&#39;s psychology department, and 433 Melville, built for professor Charles Henry Gilbert, founding chair of the Zoology Department, and designed by Professor A. B. Clark, an architect and art professor. The "Dead Houses" (named after the Grateful Dead) is a cooperative housing community centered in Professorville, primarily inhabited by Stanford students and recent graduates, with notable past tenants including Sean Parker.</p><br>
<p>South Table Mountain is a mesa on the eastern flank of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. Castle Rock, the 6,338 ft summit of the mesa, is located on private property 0.9 km directly east  of downtown Golden, Colorado, United States, in Jefferson County.</p><br>
<h2>Mesa</h2><br>
<p>The most distinctive feature of the mesa is its nearly flat cap that is formed by ancient Paleocene lava flows. It is separated from companion North Table Mountain, which consists of the same geologic formation, by Clear Creek.</p><br>
<p>South Table Mountain is a popular scenic and recreational destination in the Denver metro area, and most of it is preserved as Jefferson County Open Space. Its landmark prominence is Castle Rock, a small higher butte that projects from the mesa&#39;s northwest end.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>South Table Mountain is underlain by sedimentary rocks of the Denver Formation, which spans the interval from latest Cretaceous to early Paleocene time. An exposure of the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary layer has been identified and documented on its slopes.</p><br>
<p>Two prominent, columnar jointed, cliff-forming lava flows form the nearly flat cap on South Table Mountain. The Ralston Dike, a body of intrusive monzonite located about 4 miles to the northwest, probably represents the volcanic vent from which the flows erupted. The flows are about 62 to 64 million years old according to radiometric dating, which places them in the early Paleocene epoch. Generally referred to as basaltic, they are classified either as latite,</p><br>
<h3>Zeolite</h3><br>
<p>Both North and South Table Mountain are known for the wide variety of zeolite minerals that occur in vesicles in the second flow. These include analcime, thomsonite, mesolite, chabazite, and others. Excellent specimens of Table Mountain zeolites can be seen at the nearby Colorado School of Mines Geology Museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In times far past South Table Mountain was ascended and used by American Indian tribes of the region, and archaeological remains are known to exist on its top. A piece of grape shot thought to be from either Spanish explorers or fur traders was found by Arthur Lakes on the mesa top in April 1895. The earliest recorded ascents of the mesa occurred during the Colorado Gold Rush in 1859. In 1906 father and son William H. and Clyde L. Ashworth built the original Castle Rock Resort, a cafe atop Castle Rock, where visitors were taken by burro up a trail up the north flank of Castle Rock. After vandalism destroyed it in 1907 the venture was abandoned until Charles F. Quaintance revived it in 1908 with a new cafe and burro train and a road built by Harry Hartzell from the south slope. This was supplemented in 1913 with a lighthouse, dance hall and funicular incline railway to the top. Business faded with the advent of the Denver Mountain Parks, and the funicular rails were salvaged for the allied effort in World War I in 1918. The idle resort was taken over by the Ku Klux Klan during the 1920s as a major meeting and ceremonial place during its rise to power in Colorado. The resort burned to the ground in an arson fire in 1927. During the 1910s-1920s, the city of Denver quarried gravel from the mountain&#39;s northeast alcove. In 1935 the Works Progress Administration built the Colorado Amphitheater for Camp George West on its southern side. Developers in 1957 originally wanted to build the Magic Mountain theme park at its northeastern alcove until residents of Applewood protested and convinced them to build elsewhere. Subsequent attempts to develop or quarry the mountain including condominiums and a corporate headquarters continued through the remainder of the 20th century and the mesa was gradually purchased or placed under easement by Jefferson County for open space. Today, much of South Table Mountain is open to the public, while southern portions are occupied by the Colorado State Patrol and National Renewable Energy Laboratory.</p><br>
<h2>Feature Names</h2><br>
<p>Castle Rock, originally known as Table Rock, a prominent butte at northwest end</p><br>
<p>Slaughterhouse Gulch, a gulch upon its northern slope, likely named for farms once in the Coors Brewery valley</p><br>
<p>Long Gulch, a lengthy gulch along Quaker Street on the south slope</p><br>
<p>Crystal Springs, natural water springs in the vicinity of the head of Long Gulch</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Among the animals known to frequent the mesa through time include mountain sheep, mountain lions, deer, elk and more. Of these most except for the mountain sheep continue to live upon the mountain today.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent Trivia</h2><br>
<p>First Ascent - earliest by a person of confirmed identity was on February 14, 1859 by gold discoverer George A. Jackson, partner Thomas L. Golden and members of the Chicago Company, a gold seeking party, all of whom were hunting mountain sheep atop the mesa.</p><br>
<p>Fastest Ascent - according to the Colorado Transcript issue of September 8, 1904, the fastest ascent was disputed between David G. Dargin climbing to top of Castle Rock in 23:55:3-5 on November 6, 1859 and Charles Wade climbing to top of Castle Rock from starting point of Washington Avenue Bridge at Clear Creek in 23:54:1-2 around February 1861. However, according to the website www.strava.com - onto which runners download GPS data of their activities - Golden resident Andrew Terrill ran from the Washington Avenue Bridge at Clear Creek to the summit of Castle Rock in 14:59 on November 2, 2016, making this the current Fastest Known Time (FKT).</p><br>
<p>First Automobile Ascent - by Stanley Steamer driven by George Hering with 4 passengers (including Charles F. Quaintance) and camera equipment in 1908.</p><br>
<p>Fastest Automobile Ascent - same as first automobile ascent, timed from starting point at 13th Street and Washington Avenue in 12 minutes 45 seconds, via South Golden Road and Quaker Street, proof of ascent published on front page of the Transcript showing automobile with passengers atop Castle Rock.</p><br>
<p>Helicopter Ascent - made Transcript front page during the 1970s when helicopter made a forced landing atop Castle Rock.</p><br>
<p>The Ramona Street Architectural District, in downtown Palo Alto, California, is a Registered Historic District. This portion of the street, between University Avenue and Hamilton Avenue, is a highly distinctive business block. It showcases the Spanish Colonial and Early California styles with gentle archways, wrought iron work, tile roofs of varying heights and courtyards.</p><br>
<p>The development of Ramona Street, named after the 1884 novel Ramona, was an early successful attempt to expand laterally the central commercial district. Pedro de Lemos, a craftsman, graphic artist and curator of the Stanford Museum had been concerned with the larger scale and somewhat linear development along University Avenue. He believed that an informal architecture full of whimsy and integrated with nature was indeed compatible with commercial businesses.</p><br>
<p>The first building to go up, in 1925, was the Gotham Shop at 520 Ramona, built by de Lemos, who had bought the property to preserve a very old oak tree (finally removed in the 1980s). He designed the building around the venerable oak and created shops with rustic benches, ceramic tiles and stucco walls. In 1938, de Lemos built another Spanish Colonial Revival commercial office building across the street at 533 - 539 Ramona, with a recessed arched entrance, an interior patio, wrought iron and more tiles.</p><br>
<p>Noted local architects Birge Clark, W. H. Weeks and others added to the Spanish flavor of what de Lemos started. In 1928, Clark designed the multistory Medico-Dental Building at Hamilton and Ramona, which now houses the University Art Center on the ground floor. Across Ramona, Weeks designed the Cardinal Hotel, Palo Altos first non-frame hotel. Excitement attended the Cardinals debut, for it became the scene of tea dances and balls. The hotel had another purpose; it was intended to help make Hamilton a commercial street.</p><br>
<p>The unified aspect of the 500 Ramona Street block was recognized by its designation in 1985 as a Historic District in the National Register of Historic Places. Since then, Plaza Ramona and other remodelings at the University Avenue end of the block have enhanced the theme.</p><br>
<p>Frenchman Lake  is located in Southeastern Plumas County, California and was created by the damming of Little Last Chance Creek.</p><br>
<p>Named after Claude Francois Seltier, a French immigrant who settled in the area in 1858.</p><br>
<h2>Frenchman Dam</h2><br>
<p>Frenchman Dam was completed in 1961 as an irrigation project of the California Department of Water Resources, a rock-fill and earthen dam 129 feet high, with a length of 720 feet at its crest. Normal water storage in the reservoir is 55,477 acre-feet.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Frenchman Lake&#39;s elevation when full is 5,588 ft above sea level. The surface area of Frenchman Lake is 1,580 acre. The shoreline length is 21 mi, the maximum depth reaches 101 ft, averaging 35 ft. The nearest community is Chilcoot-Vinton, California which is approximately 8 mi south.</p><br>
<h2>National Forest Recreation Area</h2><br>
<p>The Plumas National Forest administers Frenchman Lake as a National Forest Recreation Area for United States Forest Service. It is locally managed by the Beckwourth Ranger District. The Frenchman Lake Recreation Area offers a wide variety of summer outdoor experiences including: camping, picnicking, fishing, hunting, boating, jet skiing, mountain biking, swimming and water-skiing. In the winter, ice fishing, snowmobiling and cross-country skiing are favored activities.</p><br>
<p>Public campgrounds are located on the south shore at Cottonwood Springs, Frenchman, Spring Creek and Big Cove. Additionally there is another campground located below the dam along Little Last Chance Creek.</p><br>
<p>The Turkey Creek Sanctuary is a small nature reserve in the city of Palm Bay in Brevard County, Florida, and incorporates both salty hammock and sand pine ridge habitats. The sanctuary is part of the Brevard County http://www.brevardcounty.us/EELProgram/Home/ Environmentally Endangered Lands  program. It has 1.85 miles  of boardwalk paths and 1.5 miles  of jogging trails through native forest to Turkey Creek, an excellent site for seeing birds, turtles, manatees, alligators as well as other local wildlife; there is a canoe deck on the creek. The creek is an important breeding ground for both salt and fresh water fish. The Sanctuary is part of the East Florida section of the Great Florida Birding Trail.</p><br>
<p>The property was donated to the Florida Audubon Society and the city of Palm Bay in 1978, and fundraising to conserve the area began in 1981. By 1994 113 acre was under the protection of the voluntary management committee. The park is open daily, from 7am to sunset.</p><br>
<p>It occasionally is threatened by environmental concerns. Heavy rains in September 2014 caused partially treated wastewater to spill into Turkey Creek.</p><br>
<p>The Margaret Hames Nature Center was opened in 1992 and offers environmental education programs, including nature day camps.</p><br>
<p>North Table Mountain is a mesa on the eastern flank of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 6,555 ft mesa summit is located in North Table Mountain Park, 5.5 km north by east  of downtown Golden, Colorado, United States, in Jefferson County.</p><br>
<h2>Mesa</h2><br>
<p>The most distinctive feature of the mesa is its nearly flat cap that was formed by ancient Paleocene lava flows. It is separated from companion South Table Mountain, which consists of the same geologic formation, by Clear Creek.</p><br>
<p>North Table Mountain is a popular scenic and recreational destination in the Denver metro area, and it is preserved as public open space by Jefferson County and the Access Fund. Recent and ongoing projects by Jefferson County Open Space have resulted in the construction of several new trails and eliminated large numbers of unofficial trails.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>North Table Mountain is underlain by sedimentary rocks of the Denver Formation, which spans the interval from latest Cretaceous to early Paleocene time. An exposure of the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary layer has been identified and documented on nearby South Table Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Three prominent, columnar jointed, cliff-forming lava flows can be seen on North Table Mountain, one exposed part way up the northwest slope, and two that form its cap. The Ralston Dike, a body of intrusive monzonite located about 2 mi to the northwest, probably represents the volcanic vent from which the flows erupted. The flows are about 62 to 64 million years old according to radiometric dating, which places them in the early Paleocene epoch. Generally referred to as basaltic, they are classified either as monzonite (the lowest flow) and latite (the upper two flows),</p><br>
<h3>Zeolite</h3><br>
<p>Both North and South Table Mountain are known for the wide variety of zeolite minerals that occur in vesicles in the second flow. These include analcime, thomsonite, mesolite, chabazite, and others. Excellent specimens of the Table Mountain zeolites can be seen at the nearby Colorado School of Mines Geology Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Among the animals known to frequent the mesa through time, according to local newspaper accounts, are mountain sheep, coyotes, mountain lions, plenty of deer, elk, rattlesnakes, and more. Of these, most except for the mountain sheep continue to live upon the mountain today. Several areas are closed seasonally to protect several species of nesting raptors. In the late 19th century bees also nested in the cliffs.</p><br>
<h2>Fire</h2><br>
<p>On July 22, 2005, more than 200 acres (81 hectares) were set ablaze. Two fifteen-year-old boys were charged with first-degree felony arson and misdemeanor fourth-degree arson for lighting fireworks. They claimed to have shot off a Roman Candle, which started several small spot fires at the base of the north face. They fled the scene, but an area resident had witnessed the act and reported them to the police after the fire escalated, and they were soon found. The fire was contained later the same day, but it was summer with dry prairie grass conditions, so the fire had spread rapidly. It only burned one structure, a toolshed, and some other small miscellaneous pieces of property, but it cost more than 100,000 dollars (USA currency) to contain and extinguish.</p><br>
<h2>Pictures</h2><br>
<p>The Georgian House is a historic building at 7 Great George Street, Bristol, England. It was originally built around 1790 for a wealthy sugar merchant and is now furnished and displayed as a typical late 18th century town house. The period house museum includes a drawing room, eating room, study, kitchen, laundry and housekeeper’s room. There is also a small display on slavery and sugar plantations. The Georgian House has been a branch of Bristol City Council since it was presented to the city as a museum in 1937.</p><br>
<p>The museum is open from 1 April to 31 December on Saturdays, Sundays, Mondays and Tuesdays, 11am-4pm.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Georgian House is a well-preserved example of a typical late 18th-century town house, which has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II* listed building. It was built around 1790 for John Pinney, a successful sugar merchant, and is believed to be the house where the poets William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge first met. It was also home to Pinneys slave, Pero, after whom Peros Bridge at Bristol Harbour is named.</p><br>
<p>It contains some of the original furniture and fittings, such as the bureau-bookcase in the study and a rare cold water plunge bath, and has been used as a location for the BBC TV series A Respectable Trade, which was adapted from the book by Philippa Gregory, about the slave trade.</p><br>
<h2>Areas of the house</h2><br>
<p>The Dining Room</p><br>
<p>Pinney’s Study</p><br>
<p>The Drawing Room</p><br>
<p>Library and a Ladies’ Withdrawing Room</p><br>
<p>The Bedroom</p><br>
<p>A hidden staircase</p><br>
<p>A small lift (dumb waiter)</p><br>
<p>The Housekeeper’s Room</p><br>
<p>The cold water plunge pool</p><br>
<h2>Film and media</h2><br>
<p>On 5 July 2010, Amanda Vickery filmed scenes for her series At home with the Georgians at the Georgian House.</p><br>
<p>Bhaja Caves or Bhaje caves  is a group of 22 rock-cut caves dating back to the 2nd century BC located in Pune district, near Lonavala, Maharashtra. The caves are 400 feet above the village of Bhaja, on an important ancient trade route running from the Arabian Sea eastward into the Deccan Plateau . The inscriptions and the cave temple are protected as a Monument of National Importance, by the Archaeological Survey of India per Notification No. 2407-A. It belongs to the Hinayana Buddhism sect in Maharashtra. These caves are notable for their indications of the awareness of wooden architecture. The carvings prove that tabla – a percussion instrument – was used in India for at least two thousand years. The carving shows a woman playing tabla and another woman, performing dance.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Bhaja Caves share architectural design with the Karla Caves. The most impressive monument is the large shrine — chaityagriha — with an open, horseshoe-arched entrance; according to the Archaeological Survey of India, the chaityagrha is the most prominent aspect of the caves, and one of the earliest of the type. The chaitrya has unique reliefs from Indian mythology. Other caves have a nave and aisle, with an apse containing a solid tupa and the aisle circling round the apse, providing the circumambulation path.</p><br>
<p>Chaitygraha has some Buddha images. A cistern inscription shows the name of a donor, Maharathi Kosikiputa Vihnudata, from the 2nd century AD. A wooden beam records two more inscriptions datable to 2nd century B.C., which indicates caves have been there for at least 2200 years. Eight inscriptions are found in the caves, some giving the name of the donors.</p><br>
<p>The sculptures feature elaborate headdress, garlands, and jewellery; they might have originally been painted in bright colors but later covered with plaster. Characteristic for early Buddhism, initially the caves had symbolic Buddha representation. After 4 A.D. Buddha was painted in physical form as well.</p><br>
<p>Near the last cave is a waterfall which, during the monsoon season, has water that falls into a small pool at the bottom.</p><br>
<p>These caves also provide important proof regarding the history of the Tabla, an Indian percussion instrument, since carvings from 200 BCE show a woman playing tabla and another performing a dance.</p><br>
<h2>Stupas</h2><br>
<p>A notable part of the monument is a group of 14 stupas, five inside and nine outside an irregular excavation. The stupas are relics of resident monks, who died at Bhaja, and display an inscription with the names of three monks, Ampinika, Dhammagiri and Sanghdina. The stupas have been carved very elaborately and two of them have a relic box on their upper side. Names of monks have been titled with Theras.</p><br>
<h2>Caves</h2><br>
<p>It is irregular vihara, 14 feet square, has two cells on each side and three on back side. The chaitya window is ornamental all over cell doors.</p><br>
<p>Rail pattern ornament, broken animal figures, verandah is on frontal side. It is similar to Cave VIII at Pandavleni Caves.</p><br>
<p>The chaitya at Bhaja Caves is perhaps the earliest surving chaitya hall, constructed in the second century BCE. It consists of an apsidal hall with stupa. The columns slope inwards in the imitation of wooden columns that would have been structurally necessary to keep a roof up. The ceiling is barrel vaulted with ancient wooden ribs set into them. The walls are polished in the Mauryan style. It was faced by a substantial wooden facade, now entirely lost. A large horseshoe-shaped window, the chaitya-window, was set above the arched doorway and the whole portico-area was carved to imitate a multi-storeyed building with balconies and windows and sculptured men and women who observed the scene below. This created the appearance of an ancient Indian mansion.</p><br>
<p>Chaitya is 26 feet 8 inches wide and 59 feet long, with semi-circular apse at back, and having aisle 3 feet 5 inches wide, separated from the nave by 27 octagonal shaft. 11 feet 4 inches height. The dogoba is 11 feet diameter at the floor. This resembles the Kondana Caves. The pillar has 7 different symbols of Buddha shown in floral form, buds, leaves, fan.</p><br>
<p>This seems to be destroyed may be it would have been wood architect during ancient times. It is 30 feet long and 14.5 feet deep. Rail pattern is observed, a few cells at the back and a bolt door system are observed here.</p><br>
<p>This cave is facing towards northern side 6 feet 8 inches wide and 25.5 feet deep, with 7 cells. Stone benches, square windows, stone beds—are observed in the cells.</p><br>
<p>It can be reached by stairs to the south of Cave XIV. It is a small vihara 12.5 wide and 10 feet deep. It has two semi-circular niches and a bench on right side.</p><br>
<p>This façade has 3 Chaitya arches and the rail pattern.</p><br>
<p>It is a small vihara 18.5 feet long and 12.5 deep, with 5 cells, one of the cell has a bench in it. It has two inscriptions in it one of which is damaged. Cell door inscription describes “the gift of cell from Nadasava, a Naya of Bhogwati.” One more inscription over two wells in one recess describes “a religious gift of cistern by Vinhudata, son of Kosiki, a great warrior.”</p><br>
<p>It is a monastery with a verandah. The door has guardian figures on both sides. This cave has Surya riding a chariot and Indra riding on an elephant.</p><br>
<p>Pyramidenkogel is an 851 m mountain in Carinthia, Austria. It is located to the south of the Wörthersee and near the town of Maria Wörth, in an area that is a boundary between speakers of German and Slovenian. In nearby Slovenia the mountain is known as Jedvovca. The mountain has been a tourist attraction since at least the late 19th century. The view from its top is mentioned in Karl Baedeker&#39;s 1879 The Eastern Alps."Magnificent view of the Dachstein, Todte Gebirge, and the Traunsee and Laudach lakes, lying immediately below."</p><br>
<p>Another mountain named Pyramidenkogel can be found in Austrian Totes Gebirge mountain range. Located south-east of the Almsee, its height is 1961 m.</p><br>
<h2>Structures on the mountain</h2><br>
<h3>First structure and cross</h3><br>
<p>A wooden observation platform had been built in 1950, as was a cross to remember the dead of World War I and World War II and "victims of the mountains." The cross was consecrated on 20 August 1950. An annual "Trausteinmesse," a special Mass, is celebrated at the end of summer.</p><br>
<h3>First Pyramidekogel tower</h3><br>
<p>A 54 m observation and broadcasting tower of steel and concrete, the Pyramidenkogel Tower, was built between 1966 and 1968 and was a well-known "futuristic" tourist attraction, according to the Rough Guide to Austria; Lonely Planet calls it "avant-garde." In 2008, the last summer season before construction of a new edifice, the tower welcomed the five-millionth visitor.</p><br>
<h3>Current tower</h3><br>
<p>In July 2006, plans were made to tear down the existing tower and replace it with a new building, a multi-purpose activity centre, which was approved in 2007 and for which the Carinthian government set aside €10 million in 2008. A competition for the new design was started in 2007; the architectural firm of Klaura & Kaden won the competition. Construction was to have begun by late 2008, and the old tower was imploded in October 2008, but financial and political difficulties prevented any new construction.</p><br>
<p>The new tower, finished in 2013, was described by Dietmar Kaden as a "Himmelsleiter aus gestapelten Ellipsen," a ladder into heaven made of stacked ellipses, and is to function as a "Leuchtturm der Holzbranche," a lighthouse for the timber industry. No name has been decided on; Markus Klaura has proposed "Isis Noreia," for the goddesses Isis and Noreia (the latter a Germanic deity, the Roman equivalent of Isis).</p><br>
<p>The new tower is built of wood and steel, and at a height of 100 metres it is the tallest wooden observation tower in the world. Architects Markus Klaura and Dietmar Kaden of Klagenfurt and structural engineer Markus Lackner of Villach have designed a structure which features a visitors platform at 83 metres, a cafe at 70 metres, and a 66 m slide (the longest slide in Europe). The tower is PEFC-certified.</p><br>
<p>Pyramidenkogel Turm 01.jpgThe demolished Pyramidenkogel Tower, built in 1968</p><br>
<p>Pyramidenkogel (3).jpgView from the new tower toward the northeast. The lake Wörthersee and Maria Wörth peninsula are clearly visible. Klagenfurt is at right.</p><br>
<p>The Großes Wiesbachhorn is a mountain in the federal state of Salzburg, Austria and, at , is the third-highest peak of the Hohe Tauern range.</p><br>
<p>Its entirely free-standing firn-capped summit forms the main peak of the Fusch/Kaprun chain and is often viewed in Alpine literature as a rival of the Großglockner. The great slope on its eastern and southeastern side plunges 2,418 metres to the Fuscher Ache - the greatest height difference between mountaintop and valley floor in the Eastern Alps. Of alpinistic significance was the first ascent of the Northwest Face (Nordwestwand) on 15 July 1924 by Franz Riegele and Willo Welzenbach. They were the first ones to use ice nails (Eisnägel) to assist them; these were later developed into the ice screws used today. The Northwest Face was one of the classic ice walls of the Eastern Alps; the ice has since melted, however.</p><br>
<h2>Location and area</h2><br>
<p>The Großes Wiesbachhorn is almost entirely surrounded by glaciers. To the north is the Wielingerkees, to the northeast the Sandbodenkees flows eastwards and down into the Sandboden and further into the Fuscher Ache. To the south lies the Teufelsmühlkees und im Westen das Kaindlkees. An important neighbouring mountain to the north, separated by the 3,211 metre high wind gap of the Sandbodenscharte, is the Kleines Wiesbachhorn with a height of 3,286 metres. To the southwest, on the other side of the 3,265 metre high Wielingerscharte, between the Kaindlkees and Teufelsmühlkees glaciers, lies the two Bratschenköpfe peaks (3,413 and 2,401 metres high). To the west the terrain falls away to the Mooserboden Reservoir, to the east into the Fuscher Tal. The nearest important settlement is Fusch an der Großglocknerstraße, about 10 kilometres away to the north as the crow flies.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The route originally used by the Fusch farmers at the end of the 18th century is rarely used today. It runs from Ferleiten and takes 3½ hours to reach the Schwarzenberg Hut and from there another 4 hours past the Bratschenköpfe peaks to the summit of the Horn. The usual present-day start point for ascents is the Heinrich Schwaiger Haus. From there the standard route runs over the Oberen Fochezkopf and along the Kaindlgrat ridge to the summit in about 3 hours. In the middle section of the route there is a 35° inclined firn edge (Firnschneide), the rock sections are rated at climbing grade UIAA I. The classic routes through the 500 metre high Nordwest Face required ice climbing skills capable of coping with up to 60° gradients.</p><br>
<h2>Sources and maps</h2><br>
<p>Willi End: Alpine Club Guide Glocknergruppe, Bergverlag Rother, Munich, 2003,</p><br>
<p>Eduard Richter: Die Erschliessung der Ostalpen, Vol III, Verlag des Deutschen und Oestereichischen Alpenvereins, Berlin 1894</p><br>
<p>Alpine Club map 1:25.000, Sheet 40, Glocknergruppe</p><br>
<p>The Zuckerhütl is a mountain in Tyrol, Austria. At 3,505 metres , it is the highest peak of the Stubai Alps and lies at the southern end of the Stubaital Valley.</p><br>
<p>It derives its name, the German for sugarloaf, from its conical shape. In nearby Italy it is known as Pan di Zùcchero, the Italian term for sugarloaf.</p><br>
<p>On the mountain&#39;s north face the huge Sulzenauferner glacier falls 1,000m from its summit, resembling an icefall which looks unclimbable without ladders. It is the views of this great glacier which give Zuckerhütl its name. On its south face a 500m high cliff drops down from the summit.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>The summit was first reached by the pioneering German alpinist Joseph Anton Specht in 1862. Specht was a founder member of the German Alpine Club. It is now a very popular destination due to it being the highest mountain of the Stubai Alps and because of the view from the summit, which takes in all the major peaks of the Stubai Alps, the Ötztal Alps, the Zillertal Alps and the Ortler Alps. The normal route is along the east ridge.</p><br>
<p>The Norwich State Hospital, originally established as Norwich State Hospital for the Insane and later shortened to Norwich Hospital, is located in Preston and Norwich, Connecticut. It opened its doors in October 1904, and though the number of patients and employees were drastically reduced, it remained operational until October 10, 1996. Norwich State Hospital was a mental health facility initially created for the mentally ill and those found guilty of crimes by insanity. Throughout its years of operation, however, it also housed geriatic patients, chemically dependent patients and, from 1931 to 1939, tubercular patients. The hospital, which sits on the banks of the Thames River, began with a single building on 100 acre of land and expanded to, at its peak, over thirty buildings and 900 acre.</p><br>
<p>A 70 acre property including the hospital was listed as an historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Development of the grounds</h3><br>
<p>In October, 1904 when the hospital first opened, it held ninety-five patients and was a single building. The facility quickly outgrew its meager beginnings, and by fall of 1905, it held 151 patients and had expanded its housing by adding two additional buildings. The original building was soon converted to administrative offices. In 1907, a third patient building was opened, and over the next eight years, there would be the addition of thirteen structures to the grounds. The hospital began to branch out, no longer creating housing intended only for patients, but for hospital physicians, a laboratory, an employees club, a main kitchen and various other structures to support the every-day workings of the hospital. Like most mental hospitals at that time, it was self-sufficient, and a barn, two garages, a paint shop and a greenhouse were also added. By the end of the 1930s, over twenty buildings had been added to the grounds.</p><br>
<p>To provide an identification system, each building was originally assigned a letter name. The original campus had ward buildings grouped in pairs and designated as "North" for female patients or "South" for male patients. Around 1940, each building was given a name in honor of the founding superintendents of the American Psychiatric Association and well-known mental health advocates such as Thomas Story Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Later buildings were named after recognized contributors to the hospital, including Connecticut governors Abraham Ribicoff and John Davis Lodge. The Ronald H. Kettle Center opened in 1960 as the new medical-surgical facility and was the largest building on the property. Built like a general hospital, it reflected the then-modern belief that mental illness could be treated biologically on a short-term stay, thus reducing the need for antiquated long-term care wards. The Ribicoff Research Center was built perpendicular to Kettle to facilitate the discovery of new treatment techniques. Gradually, as the number of patients and employees began to decrease, when a new structure was built, an older one would be closed, and by the early 1970s, only 7 of the original buildings were still in use, the others used for either storage or abandoned completely. As the process of deinstitutionalization progressed, a new law required all patients&#39; cases to be reviewed every two years. This, along with threats of strike from the union, lead to the hospital vacating many more of its buildings in 1979. By the time the hospital closed in 1996, only a fraction of the campus was still operating. All patients were now housed in the Kettle building along with geriatric patients in Seymour. The Gallup building continued to house the Boneski Treatment Center for chemical dependency, and other buildings still in use up to closure included Administration, Lodge, Russell, Ribicoff, the Chapel, utility buildings, and employee housing facilities across the street.</p><br>
<p>Due to the large number to structures and the hundreds of acres they stood on, the majority of buildings were connected by a series of underground passageways. The main purpose of these tunnels were for the utilities, however, they were often used to transport patients from one area to another. In more recent times, the tunnels have become a means of transportation for trespassers who hope to explore the grounds of the hospital undetected by the security officers who have been hired by the state to patrol the vacant site.</p><br>
<h3>Timeline of changes and patient census (1904 to 1996)</h3><br>
<p>1904-Established as Norwich State Hospital for the Insane, patient population was 95</p><br>
<p>1904-Henry M. Pollock, M.D. became Superintendent</p><br>
<p>1905-Establishment of a training school for nurses</p><br>
<p>1913-Patient population was 998</p><br>
<p>1916-Patient population was 1,227</p><br>
<p>1917-Franklin Wilcox, M.D. became Superintendent</p><br>
<p>1918-Patient population was 1,231</p><br>
<p>1920-Patient population was 1,341</p><br>
<p>1926-Name was changed to Norwich State Hospital</p><br>
<p>1928-Elijah S. Burdsall, M.D. became Superintendent</p><br>
<p>1929-Patient population was 2,175</p><br>
<p>1930-Patient population was 2,422, training school for nurses closed due to inability to meet the standards of the State Board of Nurse Examiners</p><br>
<p>1934-Chester A. Waterman, M.D. became Superintendent</p><br>
<p>1939-Patient population was 2,918.</p><br>
<p>1939-Governor Baldwin and the State Legislature form the Commission on the Treatment and Care of People Afflicted with Physical or Mental Disabilities. First order of business was the investigation of conditions at Norwich State Hospital.</p><br>
<p>1940-William A. Bryan, M.D. became Superintendent</p><br>
<p>1941-For the first time since opening, discharges of patients (917) exceeded the admissions of patients (626)</p><br>
<p>1945-Riley H. Guthrie, M.D. became Superintendent</p><br>
<p>1948-Ronald H. Kettle, M.D. became Superintendent</p><br>
<p>1953-Administratively transferred to the Department of Mental Health</p><br>
<p>1955-Patient population was 3,184 (highest annual average in hospital&#39;s history)</p><br>
<p>1960-Patient population was 2,685</p><br>
<p>1961-Renamed Norwich Hospital</p><br>
<p>1966-Morgan Martin, M.D. became Superintendent</p><br>
<p>1972-Patient population was 1,148</p><br>
<p>1978-Francis K. Hayes, M.D. became Superintendent</p><br>
<p>1984-Luigi Saracino became Superintendent</p><br>
<p>1985-Garrell S. Mullaney became Superintendent</p><br>
<p>1988-National Register of Historic Places listing</p><br>
<p>1994-Total beds were 649</p><br>
<p>1996-Andrew S. Phillips became Superintendent</p><br>
<p>1996-Norwich Hospital was officially closed and remaining patients were transferred to Connecticut Valley Hospital</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<h3>Hospital Buildings</h3><br>
<h3>Patient Ward Buildings</h3><br>
<p>Fifteen physician&#39;s cottages, a power house, kitchen, and laundry building were constructed in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Numerous cottages, a trade school, firehouse, carpenter and maintenance shop, club house, staff house, greenhouse, and garages were constructed on the campus.</p><br>
<p>Numerous farm buildings were demolished in the 1970s after the hospital discontinued its agricultural therapy.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>The hospital was listed on the National Register in 1988. The NRHP listing included 40 contributing buildings and two contributing structures on 70 acres. It includes work by architects Cudworth & Woodworth. It includes Colonial Revival and Late Gothic Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>The district was deemed historically significant as illustrating a historic view of mental health treatment.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, when Norwich State Hospital was closed, the State Department of Public Works (DPW) became responsible for the property. In 2005, after several unsuccessful attempts to sell the property, The DPW proposed the sale of 419 acre of the former hospital&#39;s campus to the town of Preston, and 61 acre to the town of Norwich for one dollar. Both towns were given three years to close the transfer of the property.</p><br>
<p>In March, 2009, the town of Preston purchased 390 acre of the property offered to them by the state. In spring of 2009, the Preston Redevelopment Agency was created to oversee the development of the newly acquired property. According to the sale agreement, the state would provide for the security presence, maintenance and insurance of the property until March, 2010, at which point the town of Preston would take responsibility for the cost of these, as well as begin the property cleanup.</p><br>
<h2>Proposals</h2><br>
<p>Since the DPW first made an offer to the town of Preston to purchase a portion of the Norwich State Hospital, several proposals have been submitted for the use of the property. One of the earliest proposals was submitted by Utopia Studios, and was approved in May 2006. Utopia promised an entertainment complex consisting of a theme park, 4,200 hotel rooms, a performing arts school and a movie studio. The projected cost of this project was around $1.6 billion and was viewed favorably by the voters. However, in November of the same year, the proposal was canceled by the town due to Utopia missing several key deadlines and, most importantly, failing to place $53 million in escrow as agreed.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, two developers, Northlang Investment Corporation and Preston Gateway Partners LLC, sought for approval to develop the land. The town accepted Northland&#39;s proposal for a billion-dollar luxury resort, but in November 2008, this plan was ended as well. Since then, eight additional developers have submitted proposals to develop the property, but as of March 2010 no agreement has been reached.</p><br>
<p>The property, which has become known as the Preston Riverwalk, had been considered for a project by the town&#39;s parks and recreation department. This would have included a public access park for bird-watching, fishing and various other outdoor activities. On May 13, 2016, the Mohegan Tribe reached an agreement with Town of Preston to purchase the land. According to the Hartford Courant ( the land will be used "for office, retail, entertainment, recreation and possibly housing." It will not become tribal land, meaning that whatever is built there will be a source of state and local tax revenue.</p><br>
<h2>Demolition</h2><br>
<p>The Norwich State Hospital is listed on both the state and national historic register as a place of architectural and historical significance and thus many of the buildings, grounds, and infrastructure can not be removed (or even cleaned of medical waste material) without exception from both state and federal historical authorities. Nonetheless, demolition of the property started in spring of 2011 with the collapse of the tunnels surrounding Administration. Later that year, Salmon, Awl, and the cafeteria-theater buildings were demolished, followed by Ribicoff, the power plant, chapel, and a few cottages in 2012. As of June 2014, all buildings on the campus have been demolished except for the Kettle, Lodge, Seymour, and Russell Buildings, which are in the process of abatement and demolition, and the Mitchell, Gallup, Lippitt, Ray, and Pathway Buildings, which present special concerns and were expected to be demolished later in 2014. The Administration Building has been weatherized and buttoned up to prevent further decay and will be saved for future development.</p><br>
<p>Demolition of the site was ongoing in November 2014; the exposed interior including the stairwell of the Kettle building was featured in The Day.</p><br>
<h2>TV appearances</h2><br>
<p>Episodes two and four of season one of VH1&#39;s Celebrity Paranormal Project were filmed at the mental hospital though most likely to protect the place it was referred to as Warson Asylum for the Criminally Insane during both episodes.</p><br>
<p>The Norwich State Hospital was featured in the TV series Life After People, in the episode titled "Crypt of Civilization", which aired on January 19, 2010.</p><br>
<p>Syfy Channel&#39;s Ghost Hunters paranormal investigating team explored the location in their sixth season which aired May 5, 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Buchan Caves are a group of limestone caves that include the Royal Cave and the Fairy Cave, located south-west of, in the East Gippsland region of the Australian state of Victoria. They have a total length of between 3 and, and six entrances.</p><br>
<p>The Buchan Cave Reserve has been transferred back to the Gunaikurnai Nation and is jointly managed with the state.</p><br>
<p>The limestone rock at Buchan was laid down during the Devonian period about 300 &ndash; 400 million years ago. At the time, the sea covered this area of East Gippsland which was alive with shellfish and coral. Their remains were deposited in layers and over the years compacted to form limestone. The caves were formed by solution of the limestone.</p><br>
<p>The Buchan Caves are located approximately 360 km east northeast (or five hours&#39; drive) from Melbourne, along the Princes Highway, north of Lakes Entrance.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The caves are a major tourist attraction for Buchan and for East Gippsland. Daily tours are conducted in Royal Cave and Fairy Cave. Royal Cave features calcite-rimmed pools and in Fairy Cave features elaborate stalactites and stalagmites. Both caves are lit, have walkways and have a constant temperature of 17 &deg;C making it a comfortable temperature all year round.</p><br>
<p>The Buchan Caves are situated within the Buchan Caves Reserve. There is access to short and long walks in the surrounding bushland and the nearby Snowy River National Park. The area is surrounded by trees and wildlife, including over 60 species of birds including bellbirds and lyrebirds. Amenities include campsites and cabins, picnic ground, playground and an information centre.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Aboriginal history</h3><br>
<p>The traditional and current custodians of the Buchan Caves and its surrounds are the Australian Aboriginal Gunaikurnai Nation.</p><br>
<h3>European history</h3><br>
<p>The caves were accidentally made a reserve in 1887, as they were on land set aside for stock camping. The government commissioned an exploration of the land and, on the recommendation of the geologist Albert Ernest Kitson, reserved the area to protect the caves (for geological and limited recreational use).</p><br>
<p>In 1907, Frank Moon reported back about the Fairy Cave which was then opened to the European public later that year, though Aborigines were not allowed. Royal Cave was mapped in 1910 by Frederick Wilson and after an entrance tunnel was excavated, it was opened to white visitors in 1913. The Caves Reserve was set out and planted mostly in the late 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The site is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register and is included a Heritage Overlay.</p><br>
<p>Elmwood is a neighborhood in the South Side of Providence, Rhode Island. The triangular region is demarcated by Broad Street, Elmwood Avenue, and Interstate 95.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prior to the 1850s, the region had been used primarily as farm land. Then, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, as the city began to expand south and west with the development of manufacturing and shipping interests, the area began to develop. In the 1840s through 1860s, as the city of Providence expanded from a population of 23,000 to past 50,000, development crept southwestward along Broad Street. As areas began to be densely populated, the remaining farms were subdivided.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood takes its name from one of its principal developers, Joseph J. Cooke, who in 1843 purchased a large tract of farm land and named the estate "Elmwood". He and other developers sought to build a model suburban community with wide streets and shade-giving elm trees.</p><br>
<p>As public transportation improved from omnibuses (horse-drawn carriages) to horse-drawn tracked cars, and finally to electrified streetcars, development began to quicken pace. A number of manufacturers moved to Elmwood, while the area near Public St, Elmwood Ave, and Potters Ave began to develop as a middle to upper class residential neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>As the automobile came to increase in popularity, businesses in the form of car dealerships, garages, and service stations would proliferate along Elmwood Avenue. As trolley service was bustituted, Elmwood Ave was widened significantly and the elm trees Cooke planted had to be removed. These changes in streetscape change the character of the neighborhood irrevocably.</p><br>
<p>When the 1950s came, Interstate 95 was constructed, and many single-family homes were converted into apartments. Combined with the aging housing stock and traffic congestion, the neighborhood became less appealing to the middle-class, who left in large numbers during this time. By the early and mid 1970s, spot demolition on dilapidated houses became common and Elmwood fell into disrepair.</p><br>
<p>In more recent years, there have been many efforts to restore many older mansions and revitalize the neighborhood. In 1980, two large, predominantly residential areas of Elmwood were added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Elmwood Historic District, with emphasis on their nineteenth century revival and Victorian houses. Additionally, the City of Providence has established local (municipal level) historic districts as North Elmwood and South Elmwood, which protect historic properties and the neighborhoods historic identity by restricting exterior modifications of architectural items such as windows, porches, slate roofs, etc. Restoration efforts in Elmwood were featured on when he helps 11 neighbors with various projects over the course of 13 episodes highlighting the historic nature of homes in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The neighborhood remains one of the most ethnically, culturally, and racially diverse in the city. As of March 2007, 56.7% of the population was Hispanic, 23.3% Black or African-American, 23.6% White (10.5% Non-Hispanic White), 9.3% Asian, and 1.8% Native American. 70% of children under the age of six spoke a language other than English as their primary language.</p><br>
<p>Median family income rates were well below the citywide average. Nearly 28% of families lived below the poverty line while nearly 17% received some form of public assistance. Nearly one in four children had been exposed to high amounts of lead, mostly from lead paint in older homes.</p><br>
<h2>Government</h2><br>
<p>At the municipal level of government, most of Elmwood is within Ward 9, though the area of Elmwood north of Potters Avenue falls within Ward 11. Carmen Castillo and Mary Kay Harris represent Wards 9 and 11, respectively, in the Providence City Council. Both are Democrats.</p><br>
<p>At the state level, nearly all of Elmwood falls within Rhode Island House District 11, with the exception of the area of Elmwood which lies west of Elmwood Avenue to the south of Columbus Square, which is in House District 10. Grace Díaz serves as the state representative for District 11; she was first elected in 2004. Scott Slater serves as the state representative for District 10; he was first elected in a special election in November, 2009. All of Elmwood falls within Rhode Island Senate District 2; Elmwood is represented by Ana Quezada, who was elected to the seat in 2016.</p><br>
<p>At the federal level, all of Elmwood falls within RI Congressional District 1. David Cicilline, first elected in 2010, currently fills that seat.</p><br>
<h2>Parks, Green Space, and Urban Tree Canopy</h2><br>
<p>Elmwood has five small parks: Sackett Street Park and Amos Earley Park south of Sackett Street, Jennifer Rivera Memorial Park on Niagara Street at Potters Avenue, Peace and Plenty Park at the intersection of Peace Street and Updike Street, and Columbus Square at the intersection of Elmwood and Reservoir Avenues.</p><br>
<p>There are several community gardens in Elmwood, including Cadillac Drive Community Garden, Laura Street Community Garden, and Peace and Plenty Community Garden.</p><br>
<p>Additional green space in Elmwood is provided by two historic cemeteries along Elmwood Avenue: Grace Church Cemetery at the northern tip of Elmwood, and Locust Grove Cemetery, which is adjacent to the South Elmwood Local Historic District. Immediately to the south of the neighborhood lies Roger Williams Park, the city&#39;s premier public park.</p><br>
<p>The urban forest in Elmwood is composed of trees in parks and cemeteries, trees on private property, and street trees which line the sidewalks of the neighborhood. As of 2006, Elmwoods Urban Tree Canopy was estimated at 16.3% of total land area. Elmwoods urban tree canopy was below the citywide average, which was 23% of total land area.</p><br>
<h2>Schools and Libraries</h2><br>
<p>Elmwood has several schools within its neighborhood borders. The Sackett Street School is a public elementary school. Charter Schools operating in the neighborhood are Highlander Charter School and Paul Cuffee Upper School. Sophia Academy is an independent middle school for Providence residents. The Montessori Community School of Rhode Island offers a Montessori education.</p><br>
<p>The Knight Memorial Library on Elmwood Avenue services Elmwood, the West End, and other south side neighborhoods.</p><br>
<h2>Arts and Culture</h2><br>
<p>In northern Elmwood, Teatro ECAS is a Spanish-language performing arts space. At the northern tip of Elmwood Avenue, and at the nexus of the Elmwood, Upper South Providence, and the West End neighborhoods, the Southside Cultural Center of Rhode Island hosts a number of arts and cultural organizations and offers performance space.</p><br>
<h2>Hospitals</h2><br>
<p>St Josephs Hospital for Specialty Care was a Catholic hospital located at 21 Peace Street in the northern portion of Elmwood. It once completed a line of four hospitals on the South Side that to the east includes Rhode Island Hospital, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, and Hasbro Childrens Hospital.</p><br>
<p>David R. Francis Quadrangle is the historical center of the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri. Known as The Quad it is the oldest part of Red Campus and adjacent to Downtown Columbia at the south end of the Avenue of the Columns. At its center are six Ionic columns, all that remains of the original university building Academic Hall. Twelve buildings front the modern quadrangle including the domed main administration building Jesse Hall, the tallest building in Columbia. The Quad was designed and constructed by architect Morris Frederick Bell and his assistant William Lincoln Garver. It is named after Missouri governor David R. Francis. Eighteen structures, including the entire quad and most of Red Campus are listed as the Francis Quadrangle National Historic District. An obelisk, the original tombstone of Thomas Jefferson stands in front of the Chancellors Residence. It was gifted to the University by Jeffersons decedents in recognition of Missouris ties to Virginia. In front of Jesse Hall stand markers honoring university president Richard Henry Jesse and Missouri governor David R. Francis. Nearby is another obelisk in memory of Missouris first USA senator David Barton, The Missouri School of Journalism is located at the northeast corner of The Quad, comprising Walter Williams Hall, Neff Hall, Gannet Hall, along with the Reynolds Journalism Institute. To the west, Switzler Hall is the oldest academic building on campus, though the Residence on the Quad, home of the chancellor, is the oldest building overall. The University of Missouri College of Engineering completes the west side. Pickard Hall is currently closed due to radiation contamination from turn of the century experiments. Swallow Hall was recently renovated and houses the Departments of Anthropology and Art History and Archaeology.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the genesis of the University of Missouri the only building among a great forest campus was Academic Hall. Constructed by architect Stephen Hills from 1840 to 1843 out of Red Brick and limestone quarried from the bluff of Hinkson Creek, this was the only academic building of the university for many years. In 1843 a mansion was built next door for the President of the University of Missouri. During the American Civil War, Union troops occupied Academic Hall and burned the ancient forest and parts of the library for firewood. Academic Hall was damaged and the president mansion was burned in 1865. After the war, the University sued the federal government for damages, eventually winning and building the Memorial Gateway on the Avenue of the Columns with the money. A new President&#39;s Mansion was built in 1867 and still stands today. The need for expansion after the war necessitated the construction of Scientific Hall, now Switzler Hall in 1872.</p><br>
<p>The burning of Academic Hall on a cold January night in 1892 ushered in a time of great change for the University. There was much support in the Missouri Legislature to move the University to Sedalia. The Governor of Missouri, David R. Francis, sent a telegram to the students of the University assuring them that he would fight to keep the campus in Columbia. He later traveled to Columbia to address the citizens, faculty, and students. After calling for a special session of the Missouri Legislature he was able to appropriate $250,000 for the rebuilding. The University of Missouri was rebuilt in a quad around the columns, with "New Academic Hall" later renamed Jesse Hall on the south, and the Avenue of the Columns on the North.</p><br>
<p>On October 23, 2010 the quad was featured as the location of an ESPN&#39;s College GameDay. A ESPN record of over 18,000 fans showed up.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<h3>Geology Building</h3><br>
<p>The Geology Building is the newest stand along building on The Quad.</p><br>
<h3>Hill Hall</h3><br>
<p>Hill Hall was built in 1950 and named after former President of The University Albert Ross Hill.</p><br>
<h3>Jesse Hall</h3><br>
<p>Jesse Hall was constructed in 1892 as the "New Academic Hall". It was later renamed after MU president Richard Henry Jesse. The dome rises nine stories above the quad, and is one of the most recognized symbols of MU. It was designed by architect Morris Frederick Bell, and serves as the administrative center for the University of Missouri–Columbia.</p><br>
<h3>Lafferre Hall</h3><br>
<p>The Engineering Building was built in 1892 and lies on the west side of the quad. After a significant donation, the building is now called Lafferre Hall.</p><br>
<h3>Pickard Hall</h3><br>
<p>Pickard Hall was built in 1892 and contained the MU Art and Archaeology Museum until 2013, when it was closed due to latent radiation from experiments dating 1910-1930. It was named after professor of archaeology and art history John Pickard.</p><br>
<h3>Residence on the Quad</h3><br>
<p>The Residence on The Quad was built in 1867 and stands on the East side of the quad. It is the oldest building left standing on campus. Thomas Jeffersons original tombstone stands between this building and The Columns. The Residence is intended to be the official home of the Universitys chancellor.</p><br>
<h3>Sociology</h3><br>
<p>The Sociology building was built in 1892 and stands near the northeast corner of the quad. The building has been renovated and turned into the Donald W. Reynolds Journalism Institute.</p><br>
<h3>Swallow Hall</h3><br>
<p>Swallow Hall was built in 1893 and stands on the southeast corner. It is named after George Clinton Swallow, Missouri&#39;s first state geologist. Today the building holds the Museum of Anthropology.</p><br>
<h3>Switzler Hall</h3><br>
<p>Switzler Hall was constructed in 1871 as the "Scientific Building". It is the oldest academic building left standing on campus. Switzler Hall is named after curator William Franklin Switzler. One of the notable attractions of Switzler Hall is the bell tower. The bell was given to the University by Major James S. Rollins and is inscribed with the words "Nunc occasion est et tempus," which translated is, "Now is the occasion and the time." The bell rang each hour classes were in session until 1936.</p><br>
<h2>Monuments</h2><br>
<h3>The Columns</h3><br>
<p>The Columns that once supported Academic Hall designed by Stephen Hills now stand in the middle of the quad. The Columns are the only remaining part of Academic Hall after it burned on January 9, 1892. In August 1893 the Board of Curators voted to remove the Columns because they thought that they were unsafe and ugly. The Columns were inspected and found that the foundations were sound. Local support for keeping the Columns changed the Board&#39;s mind and the vote was reversed in December 1893. Today, The Columns are the second-most photographed landmarks in the state of Missouri, next to the Gateway Arch in St. Louis.</p><br>
<h3>Thomas Jefferson's tombstone</h3><br>
<p>Thomas Jeffersons original tombstone stands on the east side of the quad. Jeffersons original tombstone was given to Mizzou by his heirs in July 1883 due to Mizzou being the first University founded within Thomas Jefferson&#39;s Louisiana Purchase.</p><br>
<p>The plaque on the gravestone reads "This original marker, placed at the grave of Thomas Jefferson at Monticello, Virginia in 1826, constructed from his own design, was presented July 4, 1883, by the Jefferson heirs to the University of Missouri. First state university to be founded in the Louisiana Territory purchased from France during President Jefferson&#39;s administration. The obelisk, dedicated on this campus at commencement June 4, 1885, commemorates Thomas Jefferson, third president of the United States, whose faith in the future of western America and whose confidence in the people has shaped our national ideals; commemorates the author of the Declaration of Independence and of the Virginia statute for religious freedom, founder of the University of Virginia, fosterer of public education in the United States."</p><br>
<p>And under these words it reads (the original epitaph)</p><br>
<p>"Here was buried Thomas Jefferson Author of the Declaration of American Independence of the Statute of Virginia for religious freedom and FATHER of the University of Virginia"</p><br>
<h3>Francis Marker</h3><br>
<p>As tribute to former governor of Missouri, David R. Francis, a statue of stands just northeast of the entrance to Jesse Hall. It is a tradition that before an exam a student will rub his nose to receive an A on the exam. Due to the traditions popularity the statues nose has been replaced three times since its dedication.</p><br>
<h3>Barton Marker</h3><br>
<p>A stone marker memorializing Missouri&#39;s first senator David Barton stands at the southwest corner of The Quad.</p><br>
<h3>British House of Parliament Stone</h3><br>
<p>A Stone from the House of Parliament stands outside the J-School.</p><br>
<h3>Chinese Lions</h3><br>
<p>Two ancient Chinese lions guard the archway to 9th Street at the northeastern side of The Quad.</p><br>
<p>Pulau Nikoi is a 15 hectare resort island located 8 km off the east coast of Bintan, Indonesia, approximately 85 km southeast of Singapore.</p><br>
<p>The island was purchased by Andrew and Julia Dixon, an Australian couple visiting Bintan, in 2005 and developed, with the aid of a group of financiers, into a boutique private island resort named. The resort opened in 2007, and as of 2010 consists of fifteen beach houses. The island has been ranked as one of the best private islands in the world by Condé Nast Traveller and reviewed extensively by the world&#39;s travel press.</p><br>
<p>The island has a maximum height of thirty metres, and consists of white sand beaches studded with white granite boulders, with coral reef off-shore. Two thirds of the island is Banyan forest, home to various bird species, while turtles are said to nest on the island&#39;s beaches.</p><br>
<p>The resort is marketed as an eco-resort, with the use of driftwood as a construction material and alang alang grass as roofing. A double-layered roof design improves ventilation and means that rooms do not require air conditioning. Solar panels are use for heating water and a hybrid solar PV array provides renewal energy for up to 12 hours a day. Diesel generators are required for water pumping and refrigeration.</p><br>
<p>As part of the operators commitment to sustainable tourism, a non-governmental organization (NGO) called was registered as a charity in Singapore in 2009 to support the community on Bintan Island. The resort was a runner-up in Wild Asias 2009 and 2012 Responsible Tourism Awards (Mid-size to Small Accommodation Operators category) and went on to win this award the in 2015. The resort has gone on to win or be a finalist in many other responsible tourism awards notably National Geographic&#39;s inaugural World Legacy Awards in 2014. Nikoi is also a member of, a group dedicated to achieving sustainability through the balance of the 4Cs (conservation, community, culture and commerce).</p><br>
<p>The resort is accessed by launch from Kawal, a small town on Bintan, one hour&#39;s drive from the Bintan Resorts ferry terminal.</p><br>
<p>The Islote de Sancti Petri is a small barren island belonging to the municipality of San Fernando, Cádiz in the province of Cádiz and the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. For many years, the island was a restricted military zone, but it is now under the control of the Spanish Environment Ministry. In the century I BC the Greek historian Estrabon mentioned in its book Geography that the Tirians founded Gadeira, building a sanctuary to Melkat, known as Hercules to the Greek, in the Eastern part of the island and the city in the Western part.</p><br>
<h2>Castle</h2><br>
<p>The ruins of an eighteenth-century castle remain on the island; the tower of the castle has been substantially rebuilt, and it is now in use as a lighthouse. It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The name, Sancti Petri, also applies to the beach on the mainline, in Chiclana de la Frontera, directly opposite the island.</p><br>
<p>Akrotiri  is a Minoan Bronze Age settlement on the volcanic Greek island of Santorini . The settlement was destroyed in the Theran eruption about 1627 BC and buried in volcanic ash, which preserved the remains of fine frescoes and many objects and artworks. The settlement has been suggested as a possible inspiration for Plato&#39;s story of Atlantis. The site has been excavated since 1967.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The earliest evidence for human habitation of Akrotiri can be traced back as early as the fifth millennium BC, when it was a small fishing and farming village. By the end of the third millennium, this community developed and expanded significantly. One factor for Akrotiri’s growth may be the trade relations it established with other cultures in the Aegean, as evidenced in fragments of foreign pottery at the site. Akrotiri’s strategic position on the primary sailing route between Cyprus and Minoan Crete also made it an important point for the copper trade, thus allowing them to become an important center for processing copper, as proven by the discovery of molds and crucibles there.</p><br>
<p>Akrotiri’s prosperity continued for about another 500 years; paved streets, an extensive drainage system, the production of high quality pottery, and further craft specialization all point to the level of sophistication achieved by the settlement. This all came to an end, however, in the late 17th century BC with the volcanic eruption of Thera.</p><br>
<h2>Minoan settlement</h2><br>
<p>The Akrotiri excavation site is of a Minoan Bronze Age settlement on the Greek island of Santorini, associated with the Minoan civilization due to inscriptions in Linear A, and close similarities in artifact and fresco styles. The excavation is named for a modern village situated on a hill nearby. The name of the site in antiquity is unknown.</p><br>
<p>Akrotiri was buried by the massive Theran eruption in the middle of the second millennium BC (during the Late Minoan IA period); as a result, like the Roman ruins of Pompeii after it, it is remarkably well-preserved. Frescoes, pottery, furniture, advanced drainage systems and three-story buildings have been discovered at the site.</p><br>
<h3>Excavations</h3><br>
<p>The earliest excavations on Santorini were conducted by French geologist F. Fouque in 1867, after some local people found old artifacts at a quarry. Later, in 1895-1900, the digs by German archeologist Baron Friedrich Hiller von Gaertringen revealed the ruins of ancient Thera on Mesa Vouno. Also, a little later, R. Zahn excavated in the locality of Potamos, near Akrotiri, under the auspices of the German Archaeological Institute at Athens.</p><br>
<p>Extensive modern excavation was started in 1967 by Spyridon Marinatos, and revealed the full value of this site. Spyridon Marinatos choice of site proved to be correct, and just a few hours into the excavation, the remains of the buried city began to be discovered. The next step was to determine the extent of the city, to which it took two whole seasons devoted to the site in 1967 and 1968. In the early years of the excavation, a great deal of attention was paid towards the organization of proper facilities for the dig, including substantial workshops, laboratories built for storage, repair and treatment, and areas for examination of archaeological finds. Because of the site being preserved in thick, volcanic debris, Marinatos noted that many of the buildings were preserved to a height of more than a single story, creating unique challenges for excavation. He experimented with tunneling into the pumice, but this technique was later abandoned.</p><br>
<p>Some historians hold that this settlement, as well as the disaster that left it unknown to most of history, as the inspiration behind Plato&#39;s story of Atlantis, as mentioned in his dialogues Timaeus and Critias. Excavated artifacts have been installed in a museum distant from the site (Museum of Prehistoric Thera), with many objects and artworks presented. Only a single gold object has been found, hidden beneath flooring, and no uninterred human skeletal remains have been found. This indicates that an orderly evacuation was performed with little or no loss of life.</p><br>
<p>An ambitious modern roof structure, meant to protect the site, collapsed just prior to its completion in 2005, killing one visitor. No damage was caused to the antiquities. As a result, the site was closed to visitors until April 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Gallery of Akrotiri frescos from various museums</h2><br>
<h2>Frescoes of Akrotiri</h2><br>
<p>All of the pigments used by the artists at Akrotiri for painting the frescoes look as though they are all mineral based, and thus have resulted in the great preservation of the pieces. The colors used in Theran painting includes white, yellow, red, brown, blue, and black. The technique used is not true fresco except for a few isolated instances, and instead appears as though the painting was begun while the plaster was still wet, but as though the artist made no effort in keeping it wet, and seemed content to complete the work on a dry surface. As a result, often on the same fresco, the paint has penetrated the plaster in some areas but flakes off easily in others.</p><br>
<p>Specialized techniques were required when it was discovered early on in the excavation process that the site contained numerous well preserved fresco wall paintings. Tassos Margaritoff, one of the leading restorers of Byzantine frescoes, is currently the supervisor of the Akrotiri project. The first fragments of fresco were discovered in 1968 in Sector Alpha, and depict the head of an African, the head of a blue monkey and some large flying blue birds. Though their fragmented condition is perhaps off putting at first, these frescoes revealed that a great art had flourished at Akrotiri.</p><br>
<p>In 1969, the fresco of the Blue Monkeys in Room Beta 6 was discovered, and created increased excitement at the site. The rocky landscape which the monkeys are depicted climbing upon mimics the similar volcanic rocks near the site presently.</p><br>
<p>In 1970, the Spring Fresco was uncovered in Room Delta 2. It is the first fresco to have been found perfectly preserved and still standing in its original installed position. The supporting wall of the fresco was not in the best condition, and thus the fresco had to be removed immediately in order to preserve it. Rescuing the fresco was a delicate procedure and allowed the archaeologists and restorers to develop invaluable experience.</p><br>
<p>A few other frescoes including The Fisherman and the Lady from the House of Ladies have been found standing, though detached from the wall.</p><br>
<h2>Gallery of museum objects on Santorini</h2><br>
<p>Most of the images here have been color corrected by the Picture Workshop of the German Wikipedia :de:Wikipedia:Bilderwerkstatt. The yellow light (without the energetic blue wavelengths) used in the museum greatly reduces the fading of colors. Differences in technical approach and guesses at appropriate coloration have led to variations in color rendering.</p><br>
<h2>Objects from Akrotiri</h2><br>
<p>The excavations at Akrotiri have produced a large variety of artifacts revealing numerous varieties of Late Cycladic pottery from the area. Being the most common and most enduring commodity in the culture of majority of ancient societies, and thus, is of great importance to archaeologists in interpreting Ancient Greek societies. At Akrotiri, pottery is particularly abundant because of the circumstances surrounding the demise of the town in that its sudden evacuation means that inhabitants were only able to take their most valuable possessions with them.</p><br>
<p>Serving a multitude of purposes, pottery can tell a great deal about the society in which they were produced. Large jars were used as containers for storage of goods, while others like stirrup jars were designed for the transportation of certain commodities. As well, there were also vessels for preparing and cooking food, for eating and drinking and many other diverse activities including bath-tubs, braziers, oil lamps, bee-hives, flower pots, etc. Most evidently, the shape, size, and perhaps even the decoration of the vases were closely related to their use in the Ancient world.</p><br>
<p>In regards to furniture, the volcanic ash which engulfed the city often penetrated into the houses in large quantities, and in these layers of fine volcanic dust, produced negatives of the disintegrated wooden objects. Using these negatives as molds, liquid Plaster-of-Paris can be poured in and produce casts of parts or even entire pieces of furniture such as beds, tables, chairs, or stools. Offering tables are one of the most common finds in Akrotiri, and were either made of clay or coated with plaster, decorated in the same technique as the wall paintings, and only consisted of three highly decorated legs and a top.</p><br>
<h2>Akrotiri today: the connecting path</h2><br>
<p>Connecting the old excavation site to the town of Akrotiri, there is a path descending from the first houses of the small city to the parking lot of the excavations of Akrotiri. The path has been both signaled and reopened (in September 2012) now regularly undergoing maintenance thanks to international volunteers responding to Citizens in Action call. The local population has been the first supporter of this initiative and in charge of the keeping of the path as been involved working along with the volunteers. The path is suitable for mountain biking, hiking, and many other activities.</p><br>
<p>If a right deviation is taken along the walking of the path you might reach the Red Beach area.</p><br>
<p>Lac Courte Oreilles is a large freshwater lake located in northwest Wisconsin in Sawyer County in townships 39 and 40 north, ranges 8 and 9 west. It is irregular in shape, having numerous peninsulas and bays, and is approximately six miles long in a southwest to northeast direction and with a maximum width of about two miles . Lac Courte Oreilles is 5,039 acre in size with a maximum depth of 90 ft and a shoreline of 25.4 mi. The lake has a small inlet stream  that enters on the northeast shore of the lake and flows from Grindstone Lake, a short distance away to the north. An outlet on the southeast shore of the lake leads through a very short passage to Little Lac Courte Oreilles, then via the Couderay River to the Chippewa River, and ultimately to the Mississippi River at Lake Pepin.</p><br>
<p>Lac Courte Oreilles is located approximately eight and one-half miles southeast of the city of Hayward, the primary commercial and retail center of the area, and is one of three large natural lakes (Lac Courte Oreilles, Grindstone Lake, and Round Lake) located to the south and east of the city. There is a small unincorporated residential community on the north side of the lake commonly referred to as Northwoods (or North Woods) Beach. The eastern part of the lake is located in the Lac Courte Oreilles Indian Reservation. The shore of the lake is principally occupied by seasonal lake cabins and homes.</p><br>
<p>The lake has an abundance of northern pike, muskie, walleye, bass and other fish, and is a popular fishing destination. Lac Courte Oreilles is now a popular resort area drawing cabin owners and visitors from the Minneapolis-St. Paul, Milwaukee and Chicago metropolitan areas.</p><br>
<h2>Origin of name</h2><br>
<p>The name Lac Courte Oreilles is shared by the nearby Lac Courte Oreilles Indian Reservation. In the Ojibwe language, the lake is called Odaawaa-zaaga&#39;iganiing, meaning "Ottawa Lake," after another of the Anishinaabe peoples. It was referred to as such (or as "Ottowaw Lake") in early English-language descriptions of the area.</p><br>
<p>French fur trappers, the earliest European explorers in the area, named it Lac Courte Oreilles after the Ottawa Anishinaabe peoples living in the area. The French believed they cut off the edges of their ear lobes, so referred to them as the Courte Oreilles, or "Short Ears." An alternative explanation is that some tribes in the region had a practice of distending their earlobes by earrings or other ornaments, and the local people&#39;s ears looked short in contrast. But the Indians of the Lac Courte Oreilles area did not practice that custom and had naturally shaped "short" ears.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prior to European exploration, the area of Lac Courte Oreilles was inhabited by the Ojibwa Indians. The first known visit by Europeans to the area was around 1660. Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers travelled from Chequamegon Bay on Lake Superior southward through the area in 1659 and stayed for a period at an Ojibwe village on a lake that has been identified as Lac Courte Oreilles.</p><br>
<p>The English Jonathan Carver passed through the area in 1767 while traveling north from the Mississippi River up the Chippewa River. He reported staying at the Indian village on Lac Courte Oreilles (he referred to it as Ottowaw Lakes) from June 22 through 29, 1767. He described the village as being on either side of a channel between two lakes, which he referred to as the Ottowaw Lakes. He next travelled to the St. Croix River (by way of Grindstone Lake, Windigo Lake, the Namekagon Portage, and the Namekagon River) and thence northward to Lake Superior. In describing their visit to the Lac Courte Oreilles Indian village, Carver and another member of the expedition, James Stanley Goddard, said that they were the first white people to have visited the area. They likely did not know about the travels of Radisson and Groseilliers to the area about 1660, more than one hundred years before, and were not likely to have been reading French sources, if available.</p><br>
<p>The 19th-century United States Indian agent in this area, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, visited the lake and Ottawa village in 1831. He described the trip from the Namekagon River to Lac Courte Oreilles by way of the Namekagon Portage, Windigo Lake and Grindstone Lake. Schoolcraft visited the Indian village on Lac Courte Oreilles and described it as being located at the outlet of the lake. From Carvers and Schoolcrafts descriptions, the Ottawa village appeared to have been located on either side of the channel between Lac Courte Oreilles and Little Lac Courte Oreilles.</p><br>
<p>Lac Courte Oreilles and this village were well known to traders and explorers of the time, and the village was one of the larger Indian settlements in the area. Schoolcraft listed its population as 504 persons in his report based on his 1832 exploration to the sources of the Mississippi River. This meant that it was one of the largest Indian settlements in the region. The village&#39;s importance was likely associated with the strategic site of Lac Courte Oreilles on the route between the Chippewa River watershed and the St. Croix River watershed. The latter watershed was reached from Lac Courte Oreilles by travelling north and west through Grindstone Lake, Windigo Lake, and over the Namekagon Portage to the Namekagon River in the St. Croix River watershed.</p><br>
<p>The Sawyer County Historical Society Website has an article regarding the early "fishing clubs" that were developed by European Americans along Lac Courte Oreilles around the turn of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph D. Oliver House, also known as Copshaholm, sits on 808 W. Washington Street, at the corner of Chapin Street in South Bend, Indiana. The mansion was built for the Oliver family, founders of the Oliver Chilled Plow Works, and named after the Scottish village of the patriarch. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1895-96, Copshaholm is a 38-room Romanesque Queen Anne house designed by New York architect Charles Alonzo Rich. The furnishings on all three floors are original, giving visitors a glimpse of how the mansion appeared during the 72 years the Oliver family had occupancy.</p><br>
<p>Oak, cherry and mahogany woodwork are found throughout Copshaholm. Leaded glass windows and 14 unique fireplaces add to the beauty of the house. The furnishings include porcelains, glass, silver, prints, and bronzes, including some by Bartolozzi and Lorado Taft. The furniture is all original and display beautiful antiques.</p><br>
<p>Surrounding Copshaholm are 2.5 acre of landscaped gardens, including a garden tea house, formal Italianate garden, rose garden, pergola, tennis lawn, and fountain.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The house was designed by Lamb and Rich (1882-1903)of New York City. It is a Queen Anne style architecture</p><br>
<p>Queen Anne style with substantial Romanesque features. The pergola and Italian sunken garden were designed by Alice E. Neale of New York City. The House is three floor with an attic. The basement and first two levels are Indiana fieldstone granite, culled from the countryside of St. Joseph County. The porch pillars are Vermont stone. The third floor and the attic are sheathed in tile. The roof is a simple ridge with gable ends and a tower on the northeast corner. On the back is a projecting gable with dormer windows The music room and den are separate one story projections.</p><br>
<p>The house was originally wired for electricity and piped for gas. The gas has been removed, but several of the gas jets remain in place. The original water system consisted of two wells. The water was pumped to a holding tank in the attic and the gravity lines serviced all the baths, kitchen, and laundry. This system is still used today, using in holding tanks.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Burlingame, Roger; March of the Iron Men, 1938</p><br>
<p>Delaney, J.J. "The Beginnings of Industrial South Bend," M.A. Dissertation, Notre Dame: (1951)</p><br>
<p>Esslinger, D.R. "The Urbanization of South Bend&#39;s Immigrant 1850-1880" (Ph.D. Dissertation, Notre Dame: 1972)</p><br>
<p>Kaempffert, Waldemar; A Popular History of American Invention (1924); Anderson and Cooley, South Bend and the Men Who Made It (1901)</p><br>
<p>"James Oliver," Dictionary of American Biography; D.L. Meikle, "James Oliver and the Oliver Chilled Plow Works," (Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana Univ; 1958)</p><br>
<p>Shannon, Fred; The Farmer&#39;s Last Frontier, 1865-1900 (1945); R. L. Ardrey, American Agricultural Implements (1894); John W. Oliver, History of American Technology (1956)</p><br>
<p>Lipovica Forest or Lipovica  is a forest in the outer, metropolitan area of Belgrade, Serbia. It is located in Belgrade&#39;s municipalities of Voždovac  and Barajevo .</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Lipovička šuma is located in the low Šumadija region, 20 kilometers south of downtown Belgrade. It covers the more or less forested area of over 30 km&sup2, on the northern slopes of the Parcanski vis hill, 409 m northernmost extension of the Kosmaj mountain and spreads from the Ibarska magistrala highway and the valley of the Beljanica river on the west and south-west, to the upper valleys of the Topčiderka and Ralja rivers on the east. All three rivers originate in the wood&#39;s area itself.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>The forested area is uninhabited. Several settlements developed on the borders of the forest: Meljak on the west, Guncati and Barajevo on the south-west and Ripanj on the north-east.</p><br>
<p>The wood itself covers an area of 12 km&sup2;. The most common species of trees are the oak types, Hungarian oak and Turkey oak, though the name of the woods means "small linden wood". The area is a popular picnic area for the citizens of Belgrade and many restaurants, villas, weekend houses and sport&#39;s fields are located in Lipovička šuma. Attractions include the famed motel Lipovička šuma on the Ibarska magistrala and the youth hostel, the court for the hurdle riding and a vast hunting area in the woods, with wildlife including roe deers, hares, pheasants and partridges.</p><br>
<p>The section of the forest, called Dugi Rt, was declared a protected area by the city on 29 November 2013. It is protected for the both biological (forest complex) but also for the geomorphological and hudrological values. The specificities of the Dugi Rt ridge and the bed of the Sremačka river helped the development of the diverse flora and fauna. The entire forest is part of the Belgrade&#39;s outer green ring which mitigates the aftermaths of the bad urbanization.</p><br>
<p>A chemical center of the Yugoslav army was located in the woods and was used as a reservoir for the rocket fuel. It was a target during the 1999 NATO bombing of Serbia. Explosion and subsequent flames were visible kilometers away and caused an extensive damage to the woods itself which was burnt to the wide extent around the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Lipovička šuma was the location of the headquarters of PTJ, the Counter-terrorist Unit,s a special operations and tactical unit of the Serbian Police. When PTJ merged into SAD, Special Anti-Terrorist Unit, in 2015, the SAJ took over the base.</p><br>
<p>Cuyamaca Peak is a mountain peak of the Cuyamaca Mountains range, in San Diego County, southern California.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>At 6,512 ft, its summit is the second highest point in San Diego County (after Hot Springs Mountain.)</p><br>
<p>Cuyamaca Peak is located roughly 40 mi from the Pacific Ocean, within Cuyamaca Rancho State Park. It is east of the city of San Diego and southwest of Julian.</p><br>
<p>A popular 3.5 mi year round hike to the summit of Cuyamaca leads from the Paso Picacho Campground, starting at about 5,000 ft.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Snows in winter are common above 5,000 ft and surrounding regions in Cuyamaca Rancho State Park. During summer, Bracken Ferns, a variety of wildflowers and native bunchgrasses dominate mountain meadows and the forest floor. Prior to the Cedar Fire, Black oaks once lit up the mountain</p><br>
<h3>Cedar Fire</h3><br>
<p>In October 2003, the Cedar Fire, the largest fire in recorded California history, burned the once abundant White Fir (Abies concolor), Incense Cedar (Calocedrus decurrens), Jeffrey Pine, Coulter Pine, Sugar Pine, and Black oak (Quercus kelloggii) that once lined the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Small seedlings of new White fir, Sugar Pine, Coulter Pine, Jeffrey Pine, and Incense Cedar were seen within a year of the Cedar Fire, and were thriving as saplings by 2007, an example of fire ecology.</p><br>
<h3>Precipitation</h3><br>
<p>The significant elevation of Cuyamaca relative to its surrounding landscape catches Pacific moisture easily, forming clouds which are forced to release their moisture in order to pass East, resulting in average annual precipitation between 20 and 32 inches. Fall and Winter storms account for 70%, summer thunderstorms largely accounting for the balance. During the winter snow may fall and hoar frost is common upon the highest elevations.</p><br>
<h2>Views</h2><br>
<p>On clear days visibility from the summit of Cuyamaca Peak can range from 60 - in nearly every direction.</p><br>
<p>To the west, the Pacific Ocean, the Coronado Islands of Mexico, the coast line of San Diego County, Viejas Mountain, and El Cajon Mountain can be seen.</p><br>
<p>Looking north, one can see 6,140 ft Palomar Mountain among the ridge of Palomar Mountains. On very clear days 8,716 ft Toro Peak in the Santa Rosas and the San Jacintos are visible. Closer yet is Volcan Mountain slightly to the northeast, the former gold rush town of Julian lying in front. Directly north are the closest summits, Middle and North Peaks.</p><br>
<p>Directly east is the Anza Borrego Desert and the Laguna Mountains, including Whale Peak. Far beyond is the Salton Sea. To the south are Lyons Peak and Lawson Peak; further yet and to the southeast are Mexican border mountains such as Table Top Mountain and the Sierra de Juárez.</p><br>
<p>The Luena River of Zambia&#39;s Western Province rises just west of the Kafue National Park and flows west through Kaoma to become a tributary of the Zambezi. In the dry season, just below its confluence with its seasonal tributary the Luampa River, it ends in swamps or marshes on the Luena Flats east of Lukulu. In the wet season the Luena Flats flood and overflow into the Ndandu channel or floodplain which leads south-west to the Barotse Floodplain of Zambezi north of Limulunga and Mongu. It is the widest &#39;tributary&#39; floodplain of the Barotse Floodplain, reaching 20 km wide at its mouth.</p><br>
<p>In the dry season, vehicle tracks cross the Luena/Ndandu floodplain between north and south, allowing a direct route between Mongu and Lukulu and North-Western Province, Zambia. In the wet season the floodplain is impassable and vehicles have to travel west towards Kaoma, then north-west on the Kaoma-Lukulu road. At the height of the flood this road also becomes impassable across the floodplain, and there is no practical alternative.</p><br>
<p>St. Clair Flats Front and Rear Range Light are two lighthouse structures situated off the southeastern tip of Harsens Island at Lake St. Clair.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>By the late 1830s, it was recognized that constructing a shipping channel through the delta at the mouth of the Saint Clair River would be an aid in shipping. An 1842 survey by the Corps of Topographical Engineers recommended dredging the channel, but due in part to opposition by President James K. Polk, no federal funds were appropriated for a decade. In 1852, $20,000 was appropriated for improvements, but the money was quickly spent with little result. Meanwhile, the opening of the St. Mary&#39;s Falls Ship Canal in Sault Ste. Marie increased shipping through the Great Lakes, and left the Saint Clair delta as the major bottleneck to commerce through the lakes.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1850s, numerous ship ran aground in the area, often blocking the entire canal and preventing access by other ships. Congress voted to appropriate further funds for improvements in 1854, but President Franklin Pierce vetoed the bills, as he did again in 1855 and 1856. By this time, the problem was severe, and in 1856, Congress overrode the presidential veto, and $45,000 was appropriated. From this funding, the canal dredging was completed, and two lighthouses and a nearby beacon constructed at the mouth of the channel. The two lighthouses were completed by 1859.</p><br>
<p>In 1866, a further $60,000 was appropriated for improvements. However, the United States Army Corps of Engineers recommended abandoning the current channel (known as the "south channel") and opening up a new Saint Clair Flats channel. This new channel was opened in 1870, after which the older channel became less important, but still used.</p><br>
<p>In 1875, the front light began to lean. It was dismantled and rebuilt using the original stone and timber crib. By the early 20th century, the lights had become less useful, and in 1907 their use was discontinued.</p><br>
<p>Despite the 1875 reconstruction, the front light began to lean further due to erosion near the base of the light. In 1990, the base was reinforced by constructing a steel cell and filling it with limestone for temporary support. In the fall of 1996, a permanent seawall was completed around the front light island.</p><br>
<p>The rear light was constructed with a large keeper&#39;s house on the island surrounding the light. The house was demolished in the early 1930s. However, later vandalism has played a part in the overall deterioration of the rear light, which is also in need of major foundation work. Current restoration has been taking place on the rear light.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The two range light towers are located in shallow water nearly a mile from the nearest land. The front range light is the smaller of the two, It is a cylindrical yellow brick tower, measuring 17 feet tall and tapering from 11 feet in diameter at the base to 10 feet in diameter in diameter at the top. It sits on a stone base atop a submerged timber crib structure. A single square-head door in the base of the tower leads to a circular iron staircase inside, which goes up to the lantern. The light originally had a ten-sided, iron lantern and an ornamental iron railing. These have disappeared, and the navigational light is now fitted with a plastic lens.</p><br>
<p>The larger, rear range light is also a cylindrical, brick structure atop a square stone pier. It is constructed of off-white brick, slightly lighter in hue than the yellow brick of the other light. The tower measures about 40 feet tall, and the original, ten-sided, iron lantern remains in place. A round-head entrance in the base and a circular iron staircase leads to the lantern platform.</p><br>
<p>Piz Scerscen  is a mountain in the Bernina Range in Switzerland and Italy, joining the neighbouring Piz Bernina by its north-east ridge via a 3,895 m pass. Its name means the circular mountain .</p><br>
<p>The mountain has a prominent secondary summit called the Schneehaube (3,875 m).</p><br>
<p>The first ascent of Piz Scerscen was by Paul Güssfeldt, Hans Grass and Caspar Capat on 13 September 1877 via the north-west spur, descending the same way. This is the well-known Eisnase route, involving a 100-metre ice pitch of between 60–70°, although its precise length and steepness are debated.</p><br>
<p>. This was the route followed by Walter Risch on the first solo ascent of the mountain in 1924. The first ascent of the north-west face was by Christian Klucker and L. Norman-Neruda on 9 July 1890.</p><br>
<p>Jebel Irhoud or Adrar Ighud  is an archaeological site located just north of the locality known as Tlet Ighoud, about 50 km south-east of the city of Safi in Morocco. It is noted for the Hominin fossils that have been found there since the site&#39;s discovery in 1960. Originally thought to be Neanderthals, the specimens have since been assigned to Homo sapiens and have been dated to over 300,000 years old. If correct, this would make them by far the oldest known fossil remains of Homo sapiens.</p><br>
<h2>Finds</h2><br>
<p>The site is the remnants of a solutional cave filled with 8 m of deposits from the Pleistocene era, located on the eastern side of a karstic outcrop of limestone It was discovered in 1960 when the area was being mined for the mineral baryte. A miner discovered a skull in the wall of the cave, extracted it and gave it to an engineer, who kept it as a souvenir for a time. It was eventually handed over to the University of Rabat, who organized a joint French-Moroccan expedition to the site in 1961, headed by the French researcher Émile Ennouchi.</p><br>
<p>Ennouchi&#39;s team identified the remains of around 30 species of mammals, some of which are associated with the Middle Pleistocene, but the stratigraphic provenance is unknown. Another excavation was carried out by Jacques Tixier and Roger de Bayle des Hermens in 1967 and 1969 in which 22 layers were identified in the cave. The lower 13 layers were found to contain signs of human habitation including an industry classified as Levallois Mousterian.</p><br>
<p>The site is particularly noted for the hominin fossils found there. Ennouchi discovered a skull which he termed Irhoud 1 and is now on display in the Rabat Archaeological Museum. He discovered part of another skull, designated Irhoud 2, the following year and subsequently uncovered the lower mandible of a child, designated Irhoud 3. Tixier&#39;s excavation found 1,267 recorded objects including skulls, a humerus designated Irhoud 4 and a hip bone recorded as Irhoud 5. Further excavations were carried out by American researchers in the 1990s and by a team led by Jean-Jacques Hublin from 2004. Animal remains found at the site have enabled the ancient ecology of the area to be reconstructed. It was quite different to the present and probably represented a dry, open and perhaps steppe-like environment roamed by equids, bovids, gazelles, rhinoceros and various predators.</p><br>
<h2>Dating</h2><br>
<p>The finds were initially interpreted as Neanderthal, as the stone tools found with them were believed to be associated exclusively with Neanderthals. They also had archaic features believed to be representative of the Neanderthals, rather than Homo sapiens. They were thought to be around 40,000 years old, but this was thrown into doubt by faunal evidence suggesting a Middle Pleistocene date, around 160,000 years ago. The fossils were reappraised as representing an archaic form of Homo sapiens or perhaps a population of Homo sapiens that had interbred with Neanderthals. This was consistent with the idea that the then oldest known remains of a Homo sapiens idaltu, dated to around 195,000 years ago and found in Omo Kibish, Ethiopia, indicated an eastern African origin for humans at around 200,000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>However, dating carried out by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig revealed that the Jebel Irhoud site was far older than first thought.</p><br>
<p>The tools were found alongside gazelle bones and lumps of charcoal, indicating the presence of fire and probably of cooking in the cave. The gazelle bones showed characteristic signs of butchery and cooking, such as cut marks, notches consistent with marrow extraction, and charring.</p><br>
<p>This suggests that, rather than arising in East Africa around 200,000 years ago, modern humans may already have been present across the length of Africa 100,000 years earlier. According to study author Jean-Jacques Hublin, "The idea is that early Homo sapiens dispersed around the continent and elements of human modernity appeared in different places, and so different parts of Africa contributed to the emergence of what we call modern humans today." Early humans may have comprised a large, interbreeding population dispersed across Africa whose spread was facilitated by a wetter climate that created a "green Sahara", around 330,000 to 300,000 years ago. The rise of modern humans may thus have taken place on a continental scale rather than being confined to a particular corner of Africa.</p><br>
<h2>Other findings</h2><br>
<p>When comparing the fossils with those of modern humans, the main difference is the elongated shape of the fossil braincase. According to the researchers, this indicates that brain shape, and possibly brain functions, evolved within the Homo sapiens lineage and relatively recently. Evolutionary changes in brain shape are likely to be associated with genetic changes of the brain&#39;s organization, interconnection and development and may reflect adaptive changes in the way the brain functions. Such changes may have caused the human brain to become rounder and two regions in the back of the brain to become enlarged over thousands of years of evolution.</p><br>
<p>The Deua River, being the main perennial river of the Moruya River catchment, is located in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>The Deua River rises about 5 km southeast of Bendethera Mountain, on the eastern slopes of the Badja Range, part of the Great Dividing Range, within Deua National Park, in rugged and thickly forested ranges south of Braidwood. The river flows generally south, west, north, northeast, south southeast and east, making almost a complete circle, and is joined by fourteen minor tributaries, before becoming the Moruya River near Kiora. The river descends 634 m over its 139 km course.</p><br>
<p>The lower reaches of the river are estuarine by nature and are called the Moruya River, while the freshwater reaches are called the Deua River. The upper catchment of the Deua River is suspected to be in a rain shadow, so the Deua River is on the whole a small river, and naturally experiences periods of very low flow. Heavy use of groundwater and riverwater however, for summer irrigation of fruit crop in the tributary Araluen Valley and the main river locality Merricumbene, greatly excerbate summer low flows.</p><br>
<p>The village of Araluen lies in the valley of Araluen Creek, that joins the Deua River at roughly the midpoint in its course. The name Araluen means water lily or place of the water lilies in the local aboriginal dialect. At the time of European settlement Araluen was described as a broad alluvial valley with one or more large natural billabongs covered with water lilies. Unfortunately, no such billabongs exist in the Araluen valley today. As with most river and creek valleys in south-eastern Australia, the natural landscape and landforms of Araluen Creek and its valley were destroyed by rampant and destructive gold mining in the latter half of the 19th century. This has mobilised hundreds of thousands of tons of coarse granitic sand and has led to serious sand-slugging or sand siltation of the lower half of the Deua River below the Araluen Creek confluence. New gold mines in the headwaters of the river remain controversial and have attracted considerable public attention for their proposed use of cyanide and breaches of environmental standards.</p><br>
<p>Despite the sand-slugging the Deua River is bio-diverse and supports an extremely important population of the endangered fish the Australian grayling (Prototroctes maraena)—possibly the best in the state of New South Wales—as well as thriving populations of several other native freshwater fish species including Cox&#39;s gudgeon (Gobiomorphus coxii), congolli (Pseudaphritis urvillii), Australian smelt (Retropinna semoni) and Galaxiids (Galaxias sp.). The river also supports healthy populations of platypus, azure kingfishers and eastern water dragons.</p><br>
<h2>Historical accounts of sand-slugging</h2><br>
<p>It is evident from the following accounts that sand-slugging of the Deua/Moruya Rivers commenced rapidly after the rampant destruction (via sluicing) of the tributary Araluen Creek and its valley in the 1860s. The damage of this gold-mining will last many lifetimes, as it is evident that the copious sand-slugging now present in the river will take many thousands of years to work through the river and out to sea via floods.</p><br>
<p>Yarragee in its spring dress is really a pretty little village. It is situated about two miles from the town- ship, and on a bend of the Moruya River. The cottages are very comfortable, surrounded by flowers, timber, and fruit trees, and those in particular of Messrs. Jacob Luck, John Luck, and T. Gannon, are worthy of note. Near the banks of the river, Mr. Jacob Luck has a nice plantation of some hundreds of various young orange trees. Here my attention was called to the state of the Moruya River, which is very shallow at this point, being filled, it is alleged, by the silt washed down from the Araluen diggings by the floods. About sixteen years ago the depth was sufficiently great to allow a vessel of sixty tons register to be built and launched here. This vessel belonged to Mr. Collett, whose estate I have described. Now the stream is scarcely a foot deep at this point, which is about six miles from Moruya, following the river course.</p><br>
<p>A Tour to the South.</p><br>
<p>No. 10.—THE BROULEE DISTRICT (CONTINUED).</p><br>
<p>Australian Town and Country Journal, Saturday 21 October 1871, Page 11</p><br>
<p>Moruya stands on the south bank of the Moruya River, which runs west and east, its head being only five miles from the township. Steamers and coasters can enter the river with safety, and as several improvements have been effected of late years, the vessels find a fair port of shelter. The Moruya at the township is a fine wide stream fully 300 yards across; unfortunately it is shallow and only navigable for boats. The increase of silt in the river of late years has been somewhat remarkable, and can only be accounted for from the fact that the Moruya being the outlet for Araluen and the diggings around its head, it is stated that thousands of tons of sand are washed down each flood. The silting up of the stream would be of little moment were it not that directly opposite the town a sand-bank has during the last year placed itself, rendering the passage of the punt impossible. Traffic being impeded the inhabitants of Moruya are seriously inconvenienced. Petitions for a bridge have been presented, and the residents of the town and district are most anxious for a favourable consideration of their request.</p><br>
<p>The Southern Coast Districts.—From Bega to Moruya.</p><br>
<p>The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser, Saturday 26 July 1873, Page 102</p><br>
<p>Some ten months back, I described in the columns of the Herald the southern coast, Moruya being included in my jottings with the rest of the coast town. I will not therefore at present enter into detail, but simply string together a few memories, mental ones made during my progress from Moruya to Manaro.</p><br>
<p>One of the first of these memories, I find, must touch upon the Moruya River, a stream which, by the way, of late years has not been conducting itself in a manner likely to benefit or keep the goodwill of the residents along its banks. Some short time back a punt used to travel from bank to bank opposite the town, the depth of water being quite sufficient for the purpose—indeed more, for I believe small coasting craft used to come up from the Heads to the town, a distance of about five miles. Latterly, however, the stream commenced to silt up, each fresh bringing down from the Araluen thousands of tons of sand. In fact, the Moruya for years had to do the duty of a monster tail-race for the diggers of the Araluen Valley. Immense sandbanks now have formed in the river. The punt cannot work, and the crossings, which only can be attempted by horses or vehicles at low tides, are dangerous in the extreme. This state of things is most disagreeable to the people of Moruya, and offers a serious bar to the traffic along this part of the coast.</p><br>
<p>By all reports, and according to all opinions, nothing but a bridge can answer the purpose. To obtain this boon the residents of the district have struggled, and I believe intend this year to make another attempt.</p><br>
<p>TRIP TO THE MANARO.</p><br>
<p>The Sydney Morning Herald, Thursday 26 March 1874, Page 6</p><br>
<p>On approaching Araluen affairs assume a more serious air. The change commences where the Sideling Gold Mining Company has erected its great waterwheel, and is at work reefing and ground sluicing. This is at a distance of seven miles from Araluen. The company consists of eight proprietors, who are sanguine. The particulars promised respecting this claim have not yet reached me. From this claim the indications of mining increase. The timber is more interfered with, races intersected the country everywhere, and patches of upturned country impart an air of desolation inseparable from mining industry. The Araluen Creek winds through an extensive valley 1200 feet above the sea level, and surrounded by ranges of mountains about two miles apart. The ranges attain an altitude of 1000 feet, are precipitous, and sparsely wooded to the summit. In this enclosure the shallow stream which now winds about, once swelled into a lagoon, and over the whole of the rocky bed formed a deposit which is now the object of search. This layer of “wash-dirt”, which varies from four to thirty feet in depth, contains the gold. Near the creek it is easily reached, but away back it is covered with the tailings and debris of former diggers, that has to be removed. Further from the creek, therefore, the more stripping there is to deal with—16, 18, and 20 feet.</p><br>
<p>FROM MORUYA TO ARALUEN. ARALUEN, NOVEMBER 20.</p><br>
<p>The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser, Saturday 28 November 1874, Page 683</p><br>
<p>Sir,—For the information of those who are opposed to dredging on the Murrumbidgee, permit me to quote the reply given recently at the Chamber of Mines, Sydney, by a New Zealand expert. The question was—What effect had dredging on natural watercourses. His reply—Nothing more than that produced by ordinary sluicing. If that be so the people of the lower Murrumbidgee have every reason to be alarmed should the Minister grant the lease applied for at Gundagai. We have ample proof of the damage sluicing at Araluen has done on the Moruya River; it was, prior to the gold discovery at Araluen, navigable to the township of Moruya, but now the coasters cannot approach within ten miles of the town; the river has silted up to such a degree that rich maize-growing flats, which were formerly impervious to floods, now become submerged when we have what may be termed a moderate rainfall, making the land practically valueless for maize production. There are many gentlemen, residents of Gundagai, who can bear witness to the accuracy of the above statement. The public importance of this matter is my claim on your val able apace.— I am, etc.,</p><br>
<p>JAMES J. DUFFY.</p><br>
<p>Jones&#39; Creek, August 8, 1900.</p><br>
<p>PUBLIC OPINION. A MUCH-DISCUSSED QUESTION. TO THE EDITOR.</p><br>
<p>The Gundagai Times and Tumut, Adelong and Murrumbidgee District Advertiser, Friday 10 August 1900, Page 2</p><br>
<p>The Gluek House is a historic Colonial Revival house in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. The house was built by John and Minnie Gluek. John was the son of the founder of the Gluek Brewing Company, a regional brewery in the Minneapolis area. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 9, 1990.</p><br>
<p>Architectural historian Paul Larson, who wrote the National Register nomination, cited it as a fine example of Victorian architecture with its Georgian Revival detail and ornamentation. The two-story carriage house in back is even more distinctive, with quarters for horses as well as storage for the hay that fed them. Larson said the carriage house "has to have the fanciest hay storage doors in the Twin Cities." Many of the details inside the house are still intact, including the original icebox.</p><br>
<p>The house has recently been purchased by new owners, who plan to modernize the house while keeping its historical character.</p><br>
<p>Belknap Mountain is a mountain located in Belknap County, New Hampshire, United States, south of Lake Winnipesaukee. Like the county, the mountain and the associated surrounding Belknap Mountains are named after Jeremy Belknap , a renowned preacher, historian, and author of The History of New Hampshire.</p><br>
<p>The peak of Belknap Mountain is the highest point in the county. Although of only modest elevation, the isolation of the Belknap Mountains gives Belknap Mountain 1,850 ft of relative height above the low ground separating it from the White Mountains, making it one of the fifty most topographically prominent peaks in New England. Belknap Mountain is flanked to the northwest by Gunstock Mountain, the site of the Gunstock Mountain Resort ski area. The summit of Belknap Mountain features an active fire tower.</p><br>
<p>Belknap Mountain stands within the watershed of the Merrimack River, which drains into the Gulf of Maine in Massachusetts. The east and northeast sides of Belknap Mountain drain into Poorfarm Brook, thence into Lake Winnipesaukee, the Winnipesaukee River, and the Merrimack. The west side drains into Gunstock River, thence into Lake Winnipesaukee. The south side drains into Manning Lake, thence into Crystal Lake, the source of the Suncook River, and thence into the Merrimack River.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Belknap Mountain, and the mountains with which it is closely associated in the Belknap Mountain range, are part of the White Mountain Magma Series, as described by Long. This series of mountains of igneous origin represents volcanic activity that occurred during the Jurassic period, about 200-150 mya. The White Mountain Magma series is thought to have formed above an aborted transform fault in the crust. Volcanic activity facilitated by this fault more than 160 mya resulted in a flood of moat volcanics that covered much of New Hampshire. The Belknap Mountains as observed today are the remnants of erosion of those volcanics and the metamorphic rocks underneath them, together representing about 4 mi in depth. As described in detail by Long, contemporary features of the Belknap Mountains include the former magma chamber, and inner and outer ring dike formations that surround collapsed blocks of Devonian rocks and moat volcanics. Mineral and rock assemblages of the Belknap Mountains reveal a complex geological history, as recorded in the greatest variety of igneous rock in the White Mountains region.</p><br>
<p>Innerdalstårnet or Dalatårnet is a 1,452 m tall mountain on the south side of the Innerdalen valley in Sunndal Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located about 15 km southeast of the village of Ålvundeid. The mountain is also known as the Matterhorn of Norway for its characteristic pyramidal shape.</p><br>
<p>The summit can be reached with some scrambling, and the mountain is a very popular destination for rock climbing, several routes are established up the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The northern sub-peak, Litle Innerdalstårnet (seen in the picture) is slightly more inaccessible. Directly south of Innerdalstårnet are the mountains Tårnfjellet and Såtbakkollen, which is the second highest in Trollheimen. The mountain Skarfjellet lies just to the west on the other side of the lake Storvatnet.</p><br>
<p>Snota is a prominent mountain in the Trollheimen mountain range in the municipality of Surnadal in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is also the highest mountain in the municipality of Surnadal. It lies west of the mountain Trollhetta and north of the mountain Neådalssnota.</p><br>
<p>The peak is accessible from a parking lot by the lake Gråsjøen, from the cabin Trollheimshytta (owned by the Norwegian Mountain Touring Association), and also from Vindøldalen/Vassdalen valley to the west (though less common).</p><br>
<p>The main peak is 1,668 m tall and approximately 1 km to the north, there is the neighboring 1,562 m tall summit of Litjsnota. The south wall of Snota is 200 m high and it was first climbed in 1994. The first winter ascent was in 1997. Below the wall is the small Snota glacier.</p><br>
<h2>1986 Vassdalen Avalanche</h2><br>
<p>On March 5, 1986, 31 members of the Norwegian Army ski patrol, from the North Norway Brigade taking part in the NATO winter exercise called "Anchor express" were struck by an avalanche in Vassdalen. The avalanche struck after 1300 hours, while they were moving snowmobiles along a stream valley on the north side of Storebalak. Sixteen of the soldiers were killed.</p><br>
<p>Gjevillvatnet  is a lake in the municipality Oppdal in Sør-Trøndelag, Norway. It is located in the Trollheimen mountain range, about 5 km south of the mountain Blåhøa and about 5 km northwest of Vognillan.</p><br>
<p>The lake was regulated for hydroelectric power-production in the 1970s. Water is tapped from the bottom in the western part of the lake, for use in the Driva power station. In the spring, the water level can be 15 m below the natural water level. The river Festa runs out of the lake Gjevillvatnet, and it was once a very good trout river from where the lake is now, all the way down to the intake dam at the old powerstation (Vardammen). This river now mostly runs dry every year due to the dam on Gjevillvatnet, and the trout are almost non-existent in the watercourse.</p><br>
<p>The Gjevilvass valley is still regarded as one of Norway&#39;s most scenic valleys, and a cruise boat runs on the lake during summer. Along the middle of the lake, lies the Gjevillvasshytta, a lodge owned by Trondheim Turistforening. Here guests can eat, sleep, and use the lodge as a starting point for walking trips in the Trollheimen mountains.</p><br>
<p>The Wildstrubel  is a mountain of the Alps, straddling the border between the Swiss cantons of Bern and Valais. It forms a large glaciated massif, about 15 km wide, extending between the Rawil Pass and the Gemmi Pass. Along with the Muverans, the Diablerets and the Wildhorn, the Wildstrubel is one the four distinct mountain massifs of the Bernese Alps that lie west of the Gemmi Pass. The massif of the Wildstrubel is at the centre between the valleys of Simmental , Engstligental  and the Rhone , the exact location of the tripoint being the summit of the Schneehorn. It comprises several distinct summits, including  the Wetzsteinhorn, the Rohrbachstein, the Weisshorn, the Pointe de la Plaine Morte, Mont Bonvin, the Trubelstock and the Schneehorn. The main crest with the almost equally high summits of the Mittelgipfel  and the Grossstrubel  forms an amphitheatre oriented eastward which ends at the Steghorn and the Daubenhorn. This area encloses the Wildstrubel Glacier. To the southwest, the Wildstrubel overlooks the high glacier plateau of the Plaine Morte, which also includes an unnamed lake below the Schneehorn.</p><br>
<p>The Wildstrubel lies approximately halfway between Lenk (BE; 9 km), Sierre (VS; 12 km) and Adelboden (BE; 10 km), its summit being in the municipalities of Lenk and Leukerbad. The nearest settlement is the Oberried section of Lenk, at the head of the Simmental. Other notable towns and resorts around the massif are Crans-Montana, Aminona, Leukerbad and Inden. The highest place that can be reached without effort is the Pointe de la Plaine Morte station (2,882 m), which is connected to Cran-Montana and within 5 km from the summit.</p><br>
<p>As for the other mountains on the crest of the Bernese Alps, the slopes of the Wildstrubel experience different types of climate depending on their location: the northern slopes are cooler and wetter while the southern slopes are drier and warmer. Forests are found up to 1,900 metres on the north side and up to 2,100 metres on the south side. Glaciers also reach lower locations on the north side. Vineyards are also very common on the Valais side, especially below 1000 metres, but completely absent on the Bernese side, where alpine pastures dominate the landscape, as in many other areas of the Bernese Oberland.</p><br>
<p>Although not a technical climb, the ascent of the Wildstrubel involves either long ascents or glacier crossings. The shortest access is from the Pointe de la Plaine Morte station, but before the 500 metre-scramble to the top, nearly all the Plaine Morte glacier must be crossed. Another access is from the Gemmi Pass (aerial tramway from Leukerbad), via the Lämmeren Hut (SAC), from where the ascent is made on the slopes of the much more crevassed Wildstrubel Glacier. The only glacier-free path is from Lenk, but it is also the longest ascent as the end of the paved road lies at 1,105 metres, or 2,139 metres below the summit. The mountain has three summits, all of similar height and located on the cantonal border, although within the Rhine basin. These three summits, strung out along a 3.5-km ridge, make a convenient traverse.</p><br>
<p>The western summit (the Lenkerstrubel, named Wildstrubel on Swiss maps) (3,244 or 3,243.5 m)</p><br>
<p>The central summit (named Mittelgipfel on Swiss maps) (3,243.5 m)</p><br>
<p>The eastern summit (the Adelbodnerstrubel or Grossstrubel) (3,242.6 m)</p><br>
<p>The third or fourth recorded ascent was by Leslie Stephen and Thomas W. Hinchliff with guide Melchior Anderegg on 11 September 1858.</p><br>
<p>Trollhøtta or Trollhetta is a mountain in the border of the municipalities of Surnadal and Rindal in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is part of the Trollheimen mountain range, just east of the lake Gråsjøen and the mountains Snota and Neådalssnota. To the south, across the valley Svartådalen, you see the mountains Geithetta and Svarthetta.</p><br>
<p>The mountain has three peaks: the eastern peak is 1,522 m tall, the north one is 1,596 m and the south one is 1,616 m. You can access all three peaks during the summer, but a sharp and steep ridge between the eastern and northern peak is problematic in the winter for access from the east. The Norwegian Mountain Touring Association has a cabin, Trollheimshytta, near the foot of the northern peak. In the east, there is the cabin Jøldalshytta.</p><br>
<p>Gouthwaite Reservoir is a reservoir in Nidderdale, North Yorkshire, England. It is one of many in the area, others include Roundhill Reservoir and Angram Reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Gouthwaite&#39;s sole purpose is a compensation reservoir for the River Nidd, i.e. it maintains the downstream flow of the river during periods of lower rainfall.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir was constructed between 1893 and 1901.</p><br>
<p>The Elizabethan manor house of Gouthwaite Hall, the ancient home of the Yorke family, was submerged beneath the reservoir. Gouthwaite White Hall was rebuilt beside the reservoir with materials from the old hall, and is now a Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h2>Birdwatching</h2><br>
<p>Gouthwaite Reservoir is a nature reserve and a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). The reservoir is owned by Yorkshire Water which has created three viewing areas for bird watchers on the edge of the reservoir. Tree and shrub cover along the shoreline provides a habitat for small birds such as willow warbler and blackcap. Other records include woodland specialists like great spotted woodpecker and nuthatch. The green woodpecker has also been recorded.</p><br>
<p>In winter, after the summer migrants have gone, the reservoir margins are good for fieldfares and redwings. On the reservoir itself, Canada geese are always present and are joined during the autumn and winter by goosanders and goldeneye accompanied by mallard, tufted duck and pochard. Whooper swans from Iceland frequently join them.</p><br>
<p>Winter is also a good time for birds of prey with buzzard, red kite, hen harriers, merlins and kestrels being observed around the reservoir and the surrounding moorland. Ospreys and golden eagles are frequently observed on passage.</p><br>
<p>It is also the reservoir featured on the opening credits of the UK Soap drama, Emmerdale.</p><br>
<p>Leighton Reservoir is a reservoir which drains via the River Burn to the River Ure in North Yorkshire, England. It neighbours Roundhill Reservoir and is about 4 mi west of Masham. It takes its name from the nearby village of Leighton.</p><br>
<p>Water from the reservoir is used to compensate for abstraction from the River Ure.</p><br>
<p>Although not in Nidderdale, the reservoir is within the Nidderdale Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.</p><br>
<p>Leighton is accessible for fishing and has a car park. The reservoir is on land owned by the Swinton Estate and they stock the waters with fish.</p><br>
<p>Like its near neighbours in Upper Nidderdale, the construction of Leighton reservoir (and Roundhill) necessitated the building of an industrial railway to bring in materials for construction. A 6 mi railway was built from the north end of Masham railway station where a transhipment yard was located to transfer freight between the narrow and standard gauge lines. The line opened in 1905 and was closed by 1930.</p><br>
<p>Knollwood is an antebellum historic house at 6411 Kingston Pike in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. It is also known as Knollwood Hall, Major Reynolds House, the Tucker Mansion and Bearden Hill. The home is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The home and plantation were developed on land purchased from James White, the founder of Knoxville. Construction was supervised by Major Robert Reynolds&#39; sister, Rebecca, while he was serving in the Mexican–American War. The house was completed in 1851. The home was originally built in the Federal style, but neoclassical details were added in the late 19th century. A later owner, Charles W. Griffith, added the distinctive front porch in 1919.</p><br>
<p>Confederate General James Longstreet used the home as his headquarters in late 1863; he is reputed to have planned the Battle of Fort Sanders, part of the Knoxville Campaign, in the dining room.</p><br>
<p>Knollwood was one of several antebellum plantations located along Kingston Pike in what was then western Knox County. Others included the Baker Peters House, Armstrong-Lockett House (Crescent Bend), Bleak House, and the Mabry Hood House (now demolished). Architecturally, Knollwood has a more significant presence than the Baker Peters House and Mabry Hood House.</p><br>
<p>The Harvey Tucker family, wealthy Knoxvillians involved in the hospitality industry (i.e., Quality Courts, now part of Choice Hotels, Inc.), owned the house in the mid-to-late 20th century. Through the era when the Tucker family lived at Knollwood, the sweeping front lawn remained undeveloped. The house was known informally as the Tucker Mansion in this era. The plantation itself and the front lawn no longer exist, due to surrounding development. The mansion, itself, survives and has been renovated, but it now serves as the headquarters for Schaad Companies. It is not open to the public, but has been used by Knox Heritage for a social event.</p><br>
<p>The Ramsey House is a two-story stone house in Knox County, Tennessee, United States. Also known as Swan Pond, the house was constructed circa 1797 by English architect Thomas Hope for Colonel Francis Alexander Ramsey , whose family operated a plantation at the site until the USA Civil War. In 1969, the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places for its architecture and its role in the region&#39;s early 19th-century history.</p><br>
<p>Francis Alexander Ramsey arrived in what is now Greene County in 1783, and shortly thereafter made a surveying trip down the Holston River, where he first identified the future site of the Ramsey House. Throughout the 1780s, he served as an official of the fledgling State of Franklin, and later served in various capacities in the governments of the Southwest Territory and the State of Tennessee. Ramsey&#39;s children included early Knoxville mayor, W. B. A. Ramsey, and early Tennessee historian and businessman, J. G. M. Ramsey, both of whom occupied the Ramsey House at various times. Due to their Confederate sympathies, the Ramseys fled Knoxville when the Union Army occupied the city during the Civil War, and the family sold the house in 1866.</p><br>
<p>The Knoxville Chapter of the Association for the Preservation of Tennessee Antiquities (APTA) purchased the Ramsey House in 1952, and currently maintains the house and grounds as a museum.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Ramsey House is situated in a broad valley just over a mile east of Forks-of-the-River, where the Holston River and French Broad River join to form the Tennessee River. The property managed by APTA, which includes the Ramsey House, a visitor&#39;s center, and gardens, covers 101.5 acre. The house and grounds are located at 2614 Thorngrove Pike, just off John Sevier Highway (TN-168).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history and development</h3><br>
<p>Francis Alexander Ramsey was born in Pennsylvania in 1764 to Scotch-Irish parents, and moved to Greene County, Tennessee in 1783. That year, North Carolina (which controlled what is now East Tennessee) opened up Cherokee lands north of the French Broad to settlement, and Ramsey, James White, and several other explorers began making excursions into what is now the Knoxville area in search of new land. On one such expedition, Ramsey discovered a game-rich beaver dam pond which he named "Swan Pond." He was issued a grant for Swan Pond and its surrounding land in November 1786.</p><br>
<p>Ramseys rise to prominence in the failed State of Franklin (1784&ndash;1788) kept him occupied for the remainder of the decade, and it wasnt until 1792&mdash; after he had been appointed clerk for the newly formed Southwest Territory&mdash; that he decided to move to Swan Pond, which lay just outside the territory&#39;s new capital at Knoxville. Ramsey chose to build his new house on a peninsula in the pond, although due to malaria concerns, he was forced to drain the pond before the house was constructed. London-trained architect Thomas Hope designed the house, and probably built it between 1795 and 1797.</p><br>
<p>In the years after its completion, the Ramsey House came to be part of a sizeable plantation. Upon Ramsey&#39;s death in 1820, the house passed to his eldest son, W.B.A. Ramsey. In 1840, W.B.A Ramsey sold the house to his brother, J.G.M. Ramsey (1797&ndash;1884), In 1857, J.G.M. Ramsey gave the Ramsey House to his son, also named Francis Alexander Ramsey, as a wedding present.</p><br>
<h3>The Civil War</h3><br>
<p>J.G.M. Ramsey played an active role in the economic development of East Tennessee. He helped establish the regions first medical society, served as president of the Bank of East Tennessee, and fought to bring railroads to the region. of creating false pension funds for employees. His continued attacks helped Horace Maynard defeat John Crozier Ramsey for the districts Congressional seat in 1859.</p><br>
<p>At the outbreak of the Civil War, the Ramseys, who were states rights Democrats, sided with the Confederacy, drawing them further into conflict with Brownlow, who was a radical anti-secessionist. In December 1861, John Crozier Ramsey, who had been appointed Knox Countys district attorney, had Brownlow jailed on charges of conspiring to burn railroad bridges in East Tennessee. The Ramseys demanded Brownlow be hanged, but the Confederate Army, fearing a public backlash, released him. Due in part to Brownlows influence, J.G.M. Ramseys Mecklenburg mansion&mdash; with its invaluable library&mdash; was burned when the Union Army occupied Knoxville in 1863.</p><br>
<p>With Mecklenburg in ruins, the Ramseys, who had fled to South Carolina on approach of the Union Army in 1863, decided not to return to Knoxville. The Ramsey House was sold to William Spurgien in 1866, and afterward began to deteriorate. J.G.M. Ramsey eventually moved back to Knoxville in the 1870s, and was deeply saddened at the state of the Ramsey House. His autobiography, written during this period, included a poem lamenting the house&#39;s decline.</p><br>
<h3>Preservation</h3><br>
<p>In 1927, the Bonnie Kate Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution placed a marker at the Ramsey House commemorating the site as the birthplace of J.G.M. Ramsey, whose book, the Annals of Tennessee, had become an important work on the states early history. In the following decade, the house was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey. In 1952, APTAs Knoxville Chapter purchased the house with the help of state and local governments, and began restoring it. The roof and windows were replaced, and an old log cabin was moved to the site to represent the cabin used by the Ramseys in the 1790s while the main house was being built.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Ramsey House is a two-story Late Georgian house, built primarily of local pink marble with blueish-gray limestone trim. This blueish-gray limestone forms a "belt" around the house about midway up the walls, and also forms the house&#39;s four corners. The house has a "dogtrot" kitchen wing, with the southwest corner of the kitchen wing joining the northeast corner of the main house. Exterior ornamentation includes hand-carved cornices and window arches consisting of nine narrow stones each.</p><br>
<p>The house&#39;s interior follows a central hall floor plan. The front door opens into a hallway, with a library/parlor room to the left and a dining room to the right. The second floor has two bedrooms, and a passageway that leads to the second-story entrance door (the purpose of this door is uncertain). The kitchen wing is also two stories, although there is no passage from the second story of the main wing to the second story of the kitchen wing. The house has three chimneys&mdash; one at both ends of the main wing, and one the end of the kitchen wing&mdash; and six fireplaces in all. The interior has been outfitted with period furniture, most notably two Chippendale chairs given to Francis Alexander Ramsey and his wife, Peggy, as a wedding present.</p><br>
<p>The Dent du Géant   is a mountain in the Mont Blanc massif in France and Italy.</p><br>
<p>The Dent du Géant remained unclimbed during the golden age of alpinism, and was a much-coveted peak in the 1870s, repelling many parties who attempted it mostly from the Rochefort ridge. In 1880 the strong team of Albert F. Mummery and Alexander Burgener tried to force a passage via the south-west face but were repelled by a band of slabs, causing Mummery to exclaim Absolutely inaccessible by fair means!</p><br>
<p>The mountain has two summits, 88 ft apart and separated by a small col (an extremely awkward notch according to W. W. Graham):</p><br>
<p>This ascent marked the end of the so-called silver age of alpinism.</p><br>
<p>On 28 July 1935 the Austrian climbers Herbert Burggasser and Rudi Leitz first ascended the vertical-to-overhanging 160 m-high south face. It was the first climb in the Western Alps systematically aided by the pitons and artificial techniques that were already in use by climbers in the Eastern Alps.</p><br>
<p>The following huts serve the mountain:</p><br>
<p>Rifugio Torino (3,372 m, CAI, staffed mid May–end September)</p><br>
<p>Torino hut (3,332 m, CAI, all year)</p><br>
<p>Pointe Hellbronner (3,462 m, téléphérique station which can be used as a base)</p><br>
<p>St Stephens Church in St Stephens Avenue, is the parish church for the city of Bristol, England.</p><br>
<p>It has been designated by Historic England as a grade I listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was built, on the site of an 11th-century church, in the 14th century and rebuilt around 1470. The tower and east window were paid for by John Shipward, four times Mayor of Bristol, who died in 1473, the tower being built by the mason Benedict (or Benet) Crosse. The site was on the banks of the River Frome, which was diverted at around this time to create Bristol Harbour. The clerestory was repaired after a storm in 1703. The aisle and east windows were restored in 1873.</p><br>
<p>The tower measures approximately 18 ft by 20 ft at its base, and rises to a total height of 152 ft. It originally contained six bells but these have been replaced over the years and the number increased to twelve.</p><br>
<p>The 15th-century brass eagle lectern and the iron sword rest by William Edney of about 1710 were moved to St Stephen&#39;s from St Nicholas church, which was damaged in the Bristol Blitz.</p><br>
<p>The St Stephen&#39;s Ringers have been a continuously active group of bellringers since 1574, and have met annually at The Red Lodge since 1920 for their ceremonial dinner.</p><br>
<h2>Tombs, burials and monuments</h2><br>
<p>Edmund Blanket, a 14th-century clothier and wool merchant, has a tomb on the north side of the church.</p><br>
<p>Arnaq and Kalicho who were amongst the first North Americans to visit Britain were buried at this church as "heathens" in 1577.</p><br>
<p>A significant tomb is that of Martin Pring, who died at the age of 46 in 1627. He was a navigator, explorer and merchant and discovered what is now called Cape Cod Bay. The monument is draped with painted mermaids and mermen and verses to his exploits. Sir Walter Tyddesley, who died in 1385, and Sir George Snygge also have ornate tombs in the church. Also commemorated, but this time in a wall-mounted plaque, is Robert Kitchin, who died in 1594, a donor of one of the famous "nails" found outside The Exchange in Bristol.</p><br>
<h2>Archives</h2><br>
<p>Parish records for St Stephen&#39;s church, Bristol are held at Bristol Archives (Ref. P. St S) () including baptism and marriage registers and a burial register. The archive also includes records of the incumbent, churchwardens, overseer of the poor, parochial church council, charities and vestry plus deeds.</p><br>
<p>The Mangatainoka River is a river that flows in the Wairarapa region of New Zealand&#39;s North Island. Its water considered so pure a well-known brewery was established there.</p><br>
<p>Its headwaters are on the eastern side of the Tararua Range to the southwest of the town of Eketahuna, and it roughly parallels the Wairarapa Line railway and State Highway 2 through the northern Wairarapa before meeting the Tiraumea River just before its confluence with the Manawatu River just south of Woodville. The railways 162 m bridge across the river between Newman and Hukanui is the longest on the entire line. and further to the north, the small settlement of Mangatainoka sits on the rivers banks north of Pahiatua.</p><br>
<p>Prior to European settlement of New Zealand, the shallow river was thickly lined with matai, rimu, and totara trees that prevented serious flooding to the swampy lands alongside the river. However, large-scale removal of the forest and drainage of the fertile land for agriculture has caused the river to flow faster, deepening its channel, heightening erosion, and encouraging it to meander to try to return to its slower pace. This has resulted in devastating floods, including one in October 2000 that caused at least NZ$200,000-300,000 of damage to the regional council&#39;s scheme to stabilise the river and rehabilitate its environment.</p><br>
<p>The river is popular for fishing, especially for trout. Approximately 50 km of the river is fishable, and due to its proximity to State Highway 2 and major northern Wairarapa towns, access is easy.</p><br>
<p>The Great Gatehouse, also known as the Abbey Gatehouse, is a historic building on the south side of College Green in Bristol, England. Its earliest parts date back to around 1170. It was the gatehouse for St Augustines Abbey, which was the precursor of Bristol Cathedral. The gatehouse stands to the cathedrals west, and to its own west it is abutted by the Bristol Central Library building. The librarys architectural design incorporated many of the gatehouses features.</p><br>
<p>The sculptural decorations on the archways of the gatehouse contain early examples of the use of pointed arches in England. The gatehouse has been designated by Historic England as a grade I listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St Augustine&#39;s Abbey was founded in 1140. The earliest parts of the gatehouse were built by around 1170, as the main entrance of the monastic precinct, giving access to its courtyard.</p><br>
<p>The gatehouse was one of a number of the abbey&#39;s monastic buildings which survived the Dissolution of the Monasteries, after which in 1542 the abbey became Bristol Cathedral. A deanery was later built adjoining the west side of the gatehouse. The deanery was demolished and its place abutting the gatehouse was taken by the new Bristol Central Library building in 1906.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building consists of two late Norman archways, a carriage gateway and a smaller postern gate for pedestrians, surmounted by a late Perpendicular gatehouse, with an adjoining tower. The unweathered appearance of the archways led to a public debate between 19th century commentators as to whether the archways had been rebuilt since the 12th century, but the prevailing view, as argued in the 19th century by George Edmund Street, is that they are probably the original ones.</p><br>
<p>Both the north and south arches of the carriage gateway are densely decorated with carved mouldings. Inside is a ribbed vault and walls with carved interlaced arcading. The arcading contains pointed arches, which arise from the intersections of interlaced round arches, just as in the cathedrals chapter house. The similarities in the arcading, and in the two buildings decorative patterns using a variety of motifs like chevron and nailhead, support the dating of the archways to about the same time as the chapter house, in the 12th century.</p><br>
<p>The southern side of the carriage gateway is the most elaborate, with the archway having four courses of moulding. The postern gate has carved mouldings around the northern arch but is unvaulted and otherwise plain.</p><br>
<p>The gatehouse and tower were additions by abbot John Newland around 1500. The gatehouse is embellished with two-storey oriels with mullion and transom windows, two-storey statuary niches and panelled parapets. These structures were restored by John Loughborough Pearson in 1888, who succeeded in retaining many of the features of their original design. He restored the oriels, which at some point had been replaced by sash windows. The single-storey eastern extension is also 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Influence</h2><br>
<p>Charles Holdens design in 1906 for the adjoining Central Bristol Library building echoed many features of the gatehouse. The library has tall oriels with mullions and transoms, a round entrance arch and other decorations in the Tudor revival style. The shape of the gatehouse itself is imitated by the two tower-like projections at either end of the librarys front.</p><br>
<p>Charles Pibworth, the Bristolian sculptor who created the relief figures on the north front of the library, also carved the statues of four abbots on the south side of the gatehouse, placed there in 1914.</p><br>
<p>Veeranam Lake  is located 14 km SSW of Lalpet in Cuddalore district in the state of Tamil Nadu in South India. 1 km from Sethiyathope. The lake located 235 km from Chennai, India, is one of the water reservoirs from where water is planned to be supplied to Chennai.</p><br>
<p>The Veeranam project, to supply water to Chennai, was conceived in 1967 by the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, C. N. Annadurai, and executed under his successor, M. Karunanidhi. The project was subject to rampant corruption and money earmarked for the project was lost leading to stagnation of the project. The project&#39;s completion in 2004 by J.Jayalalitha. Ironically it was impossible to use any water from the lake since it had run dry, and the face-saving proposal adopted by the authorities was to dig 45 deep borewells around the area and pump the resulting water 235 km to Chennai via the pipeline.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Veeranam Lake was built in the Tenth Century during the time of Greater Cholas, from 907–955 AD and is an 16 km long dam in northern Tamil Nadu. It was created by Rajaditya Chola. he named it after a title of his father Parantaka I Chola. This veeranam lake gets water from Kollidam via Vadavaru River. The lake remains dry for the major part of the year.</p><br>
<h2>In literature</h2><br>
<p>The opening chapter of the book Ponniyin Selvan is set on the banks of the Veera Narayana Lake. Kalki gives an elaborate description of the features of the lake and the way multiple rivers flow into the lake.He added Chola princess KUNDAVI used to come for refreshment at the banks of Veeranam lake during spring season. He also makes a reference to the fact, that Ramanujacharya decided on the number of 64 Peetas - 64 simhasanathipathigal based on the number of 64 openings in the lake. This is the Veeraanam Lake formerly known as Veeranaaraayanapuram Lake.</p><br>
<p>Veeranam Lake, built by the Chola kings, is the main reservoir to meet the drinking water requirements of Chennai city. The lake draws water from the Cauvery River. The Lake is located at Sethiyathope which is about 230 km south of Chennai. The lake has a capacity to store about 1,465 mcft of water.</p><br>
<p>Though the level in the Veeranam lake has dipped to 323 million cubic feet (mcft), the same amount of 180 mld (million litres a day) was being drawn for city supply.</p><br>
<p>Water released from the Mettur dam through Kollidam and Lower Anicut would also bring in sufficient inflow into the Veeranam Lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake received sufficient inflow in April enabling supply to the city for three months With heavy rain in Western Ghats, the lake almost got its storage capacity as it received inflow from the Cauvery tributaries Bhavani and Amaravathi.</p><br>
<p>Radoviš Municipality  is a municipality in eastern Republic of Macedonia. Radoviš is the name of the city where the municipal seat is found. This municipality is part of the Southeastern Statistical Region.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city of Radoviš was mentioned for the first time in 1019 during the reign of the Gramotata of the Byzantium Tsar Vasilie the second (which was the name of the city during the Middle Ages. At this time in history, Radoviš an important center for regional trade, craftsmanship and mining.</p><br>
<p>The name Radoviš is connected with the Medieval Duchess "Rada" from Slavic origin, who used to live in the fortress above the city, the remains of which still exist.</p><br>
<p>During the 14th century Radoviš and Konče came under Serbian Rule, and in 1361, Tsar Uros stayed in Radoviš.</p><br>
<p>During the 19th and 20th centuries Radoviš and surrounding regions where influenced by historical events related to the Razlovo, Kresnensko and Ilinden Uprising along with the events related to the Balkan, First and Second World Wars.</p><br>
<p>During Turkish Hegemony in Macedonia in the 16th century, the Micro region was populated by a nomadic Turkish population called the Yörüks, an ethnic group that still exists to this day in this part of the world.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>According to the last National census from 2002 this municipality has 28,244 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the municipality include:</p><br>
<p>Macedonians: 23,752 (84.1%)</p><br>
<p>Turks: 4,061 (14.4%)</p><br>
<p>Romani: 271 (1.0%)</p><br>
<p>Others</p><br>
<h2>Local government</h2><br>
<p>The mayor of Radoviš is elected directly through a local election. The current mayor is Saško Nikolov. He won the local election in 2013. The party that won the local election in 2013 and the general election in 2011 was VMRO-DPMNE.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>The cultural institutions that operate in the municipality of Radoviš are the culture center "Aco Karamanov", library "Braka Miladinovci", and three amateur drama studios.</p><br>
<p>During the year several events take place in the municipality of Radoviš such as the Radoviš cultural summer, children&#39;s folklor festival "Oro veselo", gajda injevo, and Aco Karamanov poetry meetings.</p><br>
<h2>Religion</h2><br>
<p>Municipality Radoviš is a mainly Orthodox, with minorities of Muslims, Protestants and Catholics.</p><br>
<p>There are three Orthodox churches, the new one Holy Trinity, the old one St.Ilija, and St. King Constantine and Queen Heena from the 18th century. There are also Orthodox monasteries such as those of St. Archangel Michael, St. Pantaleon and St. George.</p><br>
<p>There are also various Protestant churches, such as two Methodist churches, a Baptist church and a Jehovah&#39;s Witnesses Kingdom Hall; as well as two mosques.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>Radoviš is linked with the neighbour cities Štip and Strumica by road.</p><br>
<p>Roads:</p><br>
<p>The national road M6 passes near Radoviš. It is the only way to arrive in the city. To the north the closest city is Štip (37 km from Radoviš), and to the south Strumica (29 km). Radoviš is 121 km far from the capital Skopje.</p><br>
<p>Airports:</p><br>
<p>The closest airport is Skopje Alexander the Great Airport located near the capital Skopje, 108 km north from Radoviš.</p><br>
<p>Taxis and Buses:</p><br>
<p>The Radoviš bus station is located on the boulevard Alexander Makedonski, it is 500 meters far from the city center. The bus station connects the city with the capital Skopje, Bitola, Prilep and the neibourgh cities. Taxis are all over the city. The price for a drive in the city is about 0.80 euro or 50 Macedonian denars. Taxis can also drive to the villages or to other Macedonian cities.</p><br>
<h2>Media and communications</h2><br>
<p>There are two private television channels - TV EMI and TV Kobra, also two cable TV operators - AndesNet, DVB-T (MPEG-4) - BoomTV, DirectToHome TV - TotalTV, Internet Providers (Cable, ADSL, WDSL, WiFi) and WiFi hotspots across the city. The three national mobile operators have full 3G coverage.</p><br>
<h2>Sport and leisure</h2><br>
<p>The people in Radoviš, especially its youngest inhabitants, like sports. Favorite sports are Football, Basketball, Handball, Fishing, etc. Radoviš has its own Football club: FK Plačkovica, Handball club: RK Radoviš, also and Fishing club: Carp-Radoviš.</p><br>
<p>"Lebari" are the supporters of the Radoviš sport clubs. The supporters club "Lebari" (Macedonian: Лебари) was formed in 1991. They generally support all clubs in Radoviš, and mostly wear green and yellow simbols, which are the group colours.</p><br>
<p>In the past and now, Radoviš rightly carries the attribute of a sports city. It can be freely called "The metropolis of wrestling in free and Greco-Roman style" in Europe and worldwide after Radoviš&#39; favorite club BK "Bučim-Radovis" won the titles "European Club Champion in 1995" and "World Club Champion in 1996". The final competition for those titles as well as for many other tournaments such as "Balkan Championship in Wrestling, Free and Greco-Roman Style" 1991 and "Macedonian Pearl" were held in the Sport Center in Radoviš "25 Maj".</p><br>
<p>The new sport center Šampion (Macedonian: Спортски Центар и Ресторан Шампион - Радовиш) was built in 1999, and consists of: Olympic swimming pool, small swimming pool, tennis courts, basketball courts, table tennis facility, handball court, soccer fields, gym and a restaurant.</p><br>
<h2>Schools and education</h2><br>
<h3>Elementary education</h3><br>
<p>OOU Krste Petkov Misirkov - Radoviš with about 1300 students, from 6 to 14 years old.</p><br>
<p>OOU Nikola Karev - Radoviš with about 1100 students, from 6 to 14 years old.</p><br>
<h3>Secondary education</h3><br>
<p>SOU Kosta Susinov - Radoviš with about 1200 students from 15 to 18 years old, where students can choose among these programs: Gymnasium, Metallurgy technician, and Electro-technician for Computer Technics and Automatics.</p><br>
<h3>Higher education</h3><br>
<p>Faculty of Electrical engineering, part of the Goce Delčev University of Štip.</p><br>
<h2>Economy and industry</h2><br>
<p>The economy of Municipality Radoviš runs through several activities such as: Mining, Building and Construction, Agriculture, Livestock Farming, Business and Trading, Tourism and Hospitality, Banking, Insurance, Health Industry, Crafts, Services, Transportation and traveling agencies.</p><br>
<p>The industry in Radoviš consists of several factories such as:</p><br>
<p>- Bučim (Бучим) - the only active mine in the Municipality of Radoviš and the only mine for copper and gold in Macedonia. Bučim employs about 500 people. It is one of the most important industrial object in Radoviš and a driving force of the Radoviš industry and economy. The mine (directly and indirectly) contributed significantly to the initiation of other industrial activities such as the building industry, business, hospitality industry, transport and others.</p><br>
<p>- Jakatabak - for purchasing, manufacturing and processing of tobacco</p><br>
<p>- Jaka 80 - for manufacturing of pharmaceutical, cosmetic and nutritional products</p><br>
<p>- Goldmak - that produces golden and silver jewelry</p><br>
<p>- Šik Plačkovica - a company that produces cooked and uncooked beech materials and final products made of it</p><br>
<p>- Best Food TI - that processes vegetables and fruits</p><br>
<p>- Mlekara Gjorgievi Radoviš, formerly Kooperant - A company for purchasing and production of milk and milk products</p><br>
<p>- Textile & clothing factories (Mardi, Koneli, Markos and some others)</p><br>
<p>In the metal manufacturing industry the most important capacities are: Metalpromet and Semi</p><br>
<p>Building and Construction in Radoviš is an important industrial activity:</p><br>
<p>- TEHNIKA is the largest building company. Besides "Tehnika" there are many other entrepreneurs in the building industry. Their activities are mainly focused toward the individual building of residential housing and building of small industrial objects as well as weekend houses.</p><br>
<p>Other activities in the municipality of Radoviš are banking, insurance, transportation, travel, taxi-services and hospitality industry.</p><br>
<h2>People</h2><br>
<p>Some notable people born in Radoviš are:</p><br>
<p>Aco Karamanov</p><br>
<p>Kosta Tsipushev</p><br>
<p>Sibel Redzep</p><br>
<h2>International relations</h2><br>
<h3>Twin towns – Sister cities</h3><br>
<p>Radoviš is twinned with:</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate of Municipality Radoviš is moderate Mediterranean-Continental. With hot and dry summers. Winters are characteristic for their coldness, wetness and the snow falls very often. Average annual temperatures range from 12.5 to 13.0°C in the valley and at the highest parts of the mountain ranges up to 7.5 &deg;C. The warmest months are July and August, when the temperatures are usually above 31 &deg;C, and often reach 40 &deg;C, and the average is 23 &deg;C. The coldest month is January with an average temperature of 1.2 &deg;C.</p><br>
<p>The average annual precipitation is 563 mm, with large fluctuations from year to year, but there is a difference between the mountain and the valley. As to the annual sum of sunshine hours, the region has 2326 sunshine hours per year, 6.4 hours per day, and 112 sunny days a year.</p><br>
<h2>Inhabited places</h2><br>
<p>Avent Cabin, in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park near Elkmont, Tennessee, United States, is an early Appalachian mountain cabin that was used as a summer studio and retreat by noted artist Mayna Treanor Avent . It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History and Description</h2><br>
<p>Built around 1850 by the Ownby Family, it was constructed as a one room cabin from poplar logs. The building has a gable roof, an exterior cobblestone and concrete chimney and a stone foundation. The main cabin is rectangular 16 ft by 23.5 ft. The logs are half dovetail notched with both mud and concrete chinking. Originally, there was only a single window and door in the cabin and no stone fireplace. Two of the entrance doors are vertical board design and date to about 1910. On the rear or east is a shed roof wing with vertical board siding that contains a kitchen and an enclosed porch.</p><br>
<p>It was purchased in 1918 by Frank Avent, husband of Mayna Avent, for $200 from the Ownby family and remodeled into its present appearance in 1926. Ownership of the cabin and its 18.5 acres of land was transferred to the National Park Service in 1932. A lease was given to the son of Frank and Mayna Avent, James Avent and his wife Jeannette and remained with the Avent family until its expiration in 1992. Significant alternations were made in 1972, some of which were removed in 1992-1993 when the Avent lease expired to restore it to be closer to its appearance when it was used as a studio.</p><br>
<p>It is the only authentic Appalachian Settler cabin that remains along Jake&#39;s Creek in its original location.</p><br>
<h2>Use as the Avent Studio</h2><br>
<p>Mayna Avent began using the cabin as a studio in 1919 and continued to do so for over 20 years. Several alterations to the structure were made to make it more conducive for studio use. For example, to improve illumination, two large openings were created: a window at the southwest elevation, and at the southeast wall, a pane glassed door providing access to the porch. A stone fireplace and stone chimney were constructed at the northeast wall.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The cabin is located approximately 1 mi south of Elkmont, Tennessee on the west side of Jakes Creek Valley. It is accessible on the Jakes Creek Trail which passes approximately 200 yds to the east of the cabin. A foot path winds down to Jake&#39;s Creek crossing over traces of the old Elkmont Road, crosses over the Creek by a foot-log bridge, and up the ridge where the cabin is located on a steep bluff.</p><br>
<p>At an altitude of 2,700 ft, the cabin lies on a steep side of a ridge overlooking Jake&#39;s Creek Valley. Small areas of the forest were cleared by the Ownby family for apple orchards, potato and corn fields and for bee-keeping. Stone retaining walls, some of which can still be seen, were constructed to support the leveling of the topology for agricultural use.</p><br>
<p>AventCabinSign.jpgSign below Cabin</p><br>
<p>AventCabinKitchenEntrance.jpgKitchen Entrance</p><br>
<p>AventCabinChimney.jpgExterior Chimney and corner detail with a stone retaining wall.</p><br>
<p>AventCabinPorch.jpgPorch</p><br>
<p>AventCabinLoftFromBelow.jpgInterior Loft From Below</p><br>
<p>AventCabinFirePlace.jpgFireplace</p><br>
<p>AventCabinInteriorLadder.jpgInterior Loft Ladder</p><br>
<p>AventCabinJakesCreekBridge.jpgBridge Crossing Jake&#39;s Creek below</p><br>
<p>AventCabinJakesCreek.jpgJake&#39;s Creek Upstream View</p><br>
<p>AventCabinOppositeRidge.jpgView across Jake&#39;s Creek Valley</p><br>
<p>Pourangahau / Mount Robert is a 1,421m high mountain in the Nelson area of New Zealand&#39;s South Island. It is within the Nelson Lakes National Park.</p><br>
<p>The partially unsealed Mt Robert Road, just west of the town of Saint Arnaud leads to a car park that is the start of tramping tracks into the Nelson Lakes National Park, and also a 5-hour loop walk up the mountain: The Pinchgut Track zigzags steeply up to near the top of Mt Robert, then continues along a ridge to Bushline Hut, before descending via the more gentle Paddy&#39;s Track. The track offers view over Lake Rotoiti and St Arnaud.</p><br>
<p>The treeline on the northeastern slopes of Mt Robert is unusually low due to erosion following the loss of the original beech forest by fire in 1887 and subsequent grazing. Mature beech forest remains on the western and southern sides of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>On its northern side is an abandoned skifield. In 2005 the rope tows were removed and shifted to the nearby Rainbow Ski Area. A lack of snow was cited as one of the reasons for removing the tows. At times a helicopter shuttle was used for access to the skifield.</p><br>
<p>In August 2014, the official name for Mount Robert was altered to Pourangahau / Mount Robert, following the Ngāti Apa ki te Rā Tō Treaty of Waitangi settlement with the Crown.</p><br>
<p>Wind River Canyon is a scenic Wyoming canyon made from tectonic plate shifting, not carved by the Wind River. It is located between the cities of Shoshoni and Thermopolis and is a popular stop for visitors to Yellowstone National Park. It is accessible by U.S. Highway 20 and Wyoming Highway 789. It was designated as a Wyoming Scenic Byway in 2005.</p><br>
<p>U.S. 20/Wyo 789 travel through the canyon, at times level with the canyon floor. The scenic route offers views of the canyon and landmark natural structures like the Chimney Rock. The canyon is at times as much as 2,500 feet deep.</p><br>
<p>The southern mouth of the canyon is near the Boysen Dam in Boysen State Park several miles north of, and about half a mile east of, the state park&#39;s borders with the Wind River Indian Reservation. The canyon includes a number of homes along the highway and a Burlington Northern Santa Fe railroad line. The north end of the canyon is at the Wedding of the Waters, where the Wind becomes the Bighorn River. The Scenic Byway continues for several miles through Thermopolis and ends at T Hill on the north end of that town in Hot Springs State Park.</p><br>
<p>The Wind and Big Horn flow north out of Boysen Reservoir, through the canyon, into Thermopolis, and onward to points north.</p><br>
<p>Kings Weston House is a historic building in Kings Weston Lane, Kingsweston, Bristol, England.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was built between 1712 and 1719 was designed by Sir John Vanbrugh for Edward Southwell on the site of an earlier Tudor house, remodelled 1763–1768 by Robert Mylne and again between 1845 and 1850 by Thomas Hopper. A significant architectural feature is the grouping of all the chimneys into a massive arcade. The Kings Weston estate possesses one of the largest collections of buildings designed by Sir John Vanbrugh in the UK. Whilst the house and the majority of the estate buildings are still standing others have been demolished or been heavily altered. Bristol is the only UK city outside London to possess buildings designed by Vanbrugh.</p><br>
<p>The house passed through several generations of the Southwell family until the estate was sold in 1833 to Mr Philip John Miles for £210,000, and became the family seat. During the World War I the House was converted into a hospital though the house continued as a family home until 1935 when, on the death of Philip Napier Miles, it was auctioned and bought by Bristol Municipal Charities and leased to the education authority for use as a school. It later became the Bristol Technical College School of Architecture which later developed into Bath University School of Architecture. In 1970 Bristol Corporation obtained a 50% grant from the Home Office and purchased the House for £305,000 to set up a Police Training Centre for Bristol Constabulary and was used as such until 1995. It was then abandoned for five years and between 2000 and 2012 was leased from Bristol City Council and partially restored as a Business and Conference Centre by local businessman John Hardy. After April 2011 the lease on Kings Weston House was put on the market for £2 million. Following a short period of closure to the public the house was sold to a new leaseholder, local businessman Norman Routledge in December 2012. Since then the house has been extensively renovated and has opened again as a conference and wedding venue, as well as a communal residence.</p><br>
<p>It has been designated by Historic England as a grade I listed building.</p><br>
<p>Buildings in the grounds include a Loggia, Brewhouse and Echo which are all grade I listed in their own right.</p><br>
<p>The house is surrounded by parkland and an area of woodland bordering the suburbs of Shirehampton, Sea Mills and Lawrence Weston. An iron bridge across Kings Weston Lane connects the estate to that of Blaise Castle.</p><br>
<p>In April 2011 the Kings Weston Action Group (KWAG) was formed as a volunteer organisation with the ambition to conserve and enhance the Grade II Registered Historic Landscape around the house. The remains of the historic park consists of almost 220 acres split in ownership between Bristol City Council and the National Trust whose 93 acres of Shirehampton Park are leased to Shirehampton Golf Club. The whole landscape is accessible as either public park or by public footpaths and includes areas of Common land at Penpole Point.</p><br>
<h2>Archives</h2><br>
<p>Documents relating to Kings Weston House and estate, and the families that lived there, are held at Bristol Archives (Refs. 42725) (), (Ref. 33746) (), (Ref. 44955) () and (Ref. Picbox/6/Port/KW) ().</p><br>
<p>Other records relating to Kings Weston House are held at Gloucestershire Archives.</p><br>
<h2>Before Vanburgh</h2><br>
<p>Sir Robert Southwell purchased the Kings Weston estate from Humphrey Hooke, a Bristol merchant, in 1679. In 1712 a birds-eye view of the estate by Johannes Kip was published in Robert Atkyns The Ancient and Present State of Glocestershire. It showed what appears to be a late Tudor house, with a layout similar to that of the current building, having a three-sided entrance court. Vanbrugh later used part of the old foundations in his rebuilding, as well as retaining some of the old walls and a staircase in one of the turrets that were in the angles of the entrance court, though the staircase was later removed. John Vanbrughs designs for the house (Ref. 33746) () and Johannes Kip&#39;s engraving of the house (Ref. 44955) () still exist and are available to the public at Bristol Archives.</p><br>
<p>The park surrounding the house was extensive. An avenue extended to the southwest, and there were formal parterres to the southeast. The Kip illustration also shows a banqueting house, which survived as a ruin until 1966, when it was destroyed by vandals. An architectural drawing dated 1707 describes it as being after the Modell of the Duke of Ormonds at Richmond, and it consisted of two floors, the lower one a workspace and the upper serving as the dining area. Because the building was on a steep slope. both floors were accessible from ground level, and the south facade consisted of a single storey. This south facade was constructed of red rubbing bricks laid in Flemish bond with exceptionally fine jointing, consisting of a little less than 1/16 inch of slaked lime putty.</p><br>
<h2>Current buildings</h2><br>
<p>On 29 April Edward Southwell wrote in his journal at Kings Weston "Upwards of 60 men preparing stones and digging the foundation of the new house"Journals of Edward Southwell 1684-1715</p><br>
<p>British Library. RP 437/2 and on 16 June 1712 work formally began on building the new house by John Vanbrugh. His client, Edward Southwell, did not desire a house on a monumental scale. The result was one of Vanbrugh&#39;s smaller houses. It is also his severest in style, The interior would have been virtually complete by 1719, when the design for inlay on the stair landings was drawn up.</p><br>
<p>The arcade formed by linking the chimneys, which rises above the roof, is a notable external feature of the building, reminiscent of the belvederes of Blenheim Palace and producing a castle air. It is square in shape and open on the northeast. The current structure is the result of a rebuilding in 1968, using Bath Stone.</p><br>
<p>The entrance front, on the southwest, has a centre containing six Corinthian pilasters, with those at each side paired to produce three bays, each of which contains a round arched window. The pediment has a central lunette, and each side consists of two bays in which the windows have wide flat surrounds.</p><br>
<p>On the southeast facade, the centre has a Doric temple front with open pediment, which surrounds the doorway. The centre has an attic as its upper storey, topped by a blocking course with scrolled supports at each end. A design with a pediment was prepared for this front, but is thought never to have been built. Though the only decoration is the rustication on the Doric temple&#39;s pilasters, a remarkably rich effect is achieved.</p><br>
<p>The northeast and northwest facades of Vanbrugh&#39;s original design were entirely undecorated, and a consequent lack of popular appeal may be the reason why they were largely destroyed in later remodelling.</p><br>
<p>Vanbrugh&#39;s northwest facade consisted of a single flat surface, in which a Venetian window on each floor filled the central space between two shallow projections.</p><br>
<p>Visitors to the house as it stood after the completion of Vanbrugh&#39;s design would have first encountered a huge entrance saloon, two stories high. Beyond this was a stair hall of three storeys in height, with arched openings to the entrance saloon at first-floor height, so that the upper part of the entrance saloon could be seen from within it. A black and white chequered marble floor and a chimneypiece by John Devall were also added to the entrance saloon at this time.</p><br>
<h3>Outbuildings</h3><br>
<h4>Brewhouse</h4><br>
<p>The Brewhouse, by Vanbrugh, can be dated, on the grounds that it shows no Palladian influence, to 1718 or earlier. Such features as the huge keystone, set above an arched doorway, and the prominently silled lunette window above, are typical of Vanbrugh&#39;s style. The machicolated arcade across the moulded parapet of the centre is a feature unique to Vanbrugh at this date, also found at Vanbrugh Castle, and is a precocious example of the Gothic Revival.</p><br>
<h4>The Echo</h4><br>
<p>The Echo is a loggia at the end of the southeast axis of the building, with a facade of four piers of rusticated stonework, of which alternate courses are projecting and vermiculated, It has large vermiculated keystones at the heads of the three arches. It is attributed to Vanbrugh, its features being almost identical to a Vanbrugh design of 1722 for a single archway.</p><br>
<h4>Banqueting loggia</h4><br>
<p>The loggia was added to a pre-existing banqueting house dating from 1705. Vanbrugh&#39;s new front turned that axis of the building ninety degrees so it would relate to the main house to the south west and the Great Terrace that provided a long promenade into the woods beyond. Designs for the loggia date to between 1716 and 1720 and drawings of the building exist in both the collections of Bristol Records Office and the Victoria and Albert Museum.</p><br>
<h4>Penpole Lodge</h4><br>
<p>Several designs exist for this building which was sited at the far extremity of the Kings Weston estate to the west and acted as both an eye-catcher from the house and a belvedere to view ships arriving in the Avon and Severn Estuary. Although a design exists attributed to Colen Campbell it is undoubtedly Vanbrugh&#39;s final design that was constructed some time in about 1724. The building took the form of an archway over which was a small room, sometimes referred to as the "Breakfasting room".</p><br>
<p>After the estate was sold in the 1930s the lodge became derelict and was demolished by Bristol City Council in 1952 though the building was not removed entirely. In 2012 the Kings Weston Action Group cleared the walls and surrounding area so some idea of the scale of the original building can be obtained.</p><br>
<h4>Kingsweston Inn</h4><br>
<p>Enough drawings of Kingsweston Inn exist for this building to the south east of the main house to be attributed to Vanbrugh. A series of sketch drawings in Bristol Record Office titled "ale house" compare almost exactly with the built dimensions of the former inn. The Inn was heavily rebuilt in the Nineteenth Century and extended outwards to the south east. The inn closed in the early Twentieth Century and the building was converted into several houses; a use it continues to perform today.</p><br>
<h4>Blacksmith's cottage</h4><br>
<p>A building on Kingsweston lane bears all the hallmarks of another design by Sir John Vanbrugh though no documentary or illustrative evidence supports this. The building is known to have existed by 1720 and demonstrates a number of characteristic design features employed by Vanbrugh. The building was in use as a blacksmith&#39;s forge and cottage in 1772; a use for which the building may have been designed.</p><br>
<h4>Stables and Kitchen gardens</h4><br>
<p>The complex of stables and kitchen gardens at Kings Weston were devised by Edward Southwell III who was already making plans whilst on the Grand Tour between 1759 and 1762. Robert Mylne was studying in Rome when Southwell visited and the pair may well have met there prior to Mylnes engagement on the detailed designs for the stable buildings in 1763. The Stables are noted in Mylnes diaries, now held in the Library of the RIBA, as having been begun in 1763. The whole of the extensive matrix of kitchen gardens, stables, accommodation pavilions and a large square pond are executed to a single unified design. The stables are located on the north side of Napier Miles Road and a large glasshouse and yards were laid out either side of them. An ice house was added later.</p><br>
<p>To the south of the road a series of enclosed walled gardens were laid out surrounding a square pond that replaced an earlier horse pond. The pond was partially ornamental, but served a variety of practical uses including the keeping of fish, provision of a constant water supply to the gardens and ice in the winter, and the washing of horses and carriages by means of access ramps to water level.</p><br>
<p>In 1938 the House in the Garden was built at the centre of the walled gardens for the widowed Sybil Miles (née Gonne) when Kings Weston House and much of the estate were sold. The house and walled gardens south of the road are now part of Kingsweston Special School. After a protracted period of decay the stables were proposed for demolition in 1958. After a local campaign they were saved and Bristol Constabulary rebuilt them to create a Police Station which opened in 1960.</p><br>
<p>In 1954 the medieval Bewys Cross was moved from its location north of Napier Miles Road to a new position beside the pond. The cross is thought to have been brought to the Kings Weston estate from its original location close to the mouth of the Avon in the nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The stables and pavilions are an early example of neo-classical architecture and are particularly important in the context of the city of Bristol. The walled gardens and pavilions, and the ice house are on the Heritage at Risk Register whilst the stables have planning permission for conversion to houses.</p><br>
<h4>Shirehampton Lodge</h4><br>
<p>There are five of the original six lodges remaining at the entrance points onto the Kings Weston Estate; Henbury Lodge, Park Lodge, Home Lodge, Wood Lodge, and Shirehampton Lodge. Penpole Lodge was demolished in 1952. All the remaining lodges are grade II listed.</p><br>
<p>Of the remaining five Shirehampton Lodge on Park Hill is the most architecturally ambitious and can be attributed to Robert Mylne who worked elsewhere on the estate for the Southwell family. The building has a portico carried on four Roman Doric columns and a gate once closed off Park Road before it. Although there are no specific mentions to the lodge in Mylne&#39;s diary it may be the "lodge and tea room" mentioned as his last design work Kings Weston in 1768 which he "made a gift" of to Edward Southwell. Shirehampton Lodge strongly resembles similar buildings designed by Mylne as bridge-keepers lodges on the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal.</p><br>
<h2>The Estate</h2><br>
<p>The Kings Weston Estate is a Registered Historic Landscape and is protected with a Grade II listing on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England. Parts of the landscape lie within the Kingsweston and Trym Valley Conservation Areas defined by Bristol City Council.</p><br>
<p>Much of the landscaped parkland around Kings Weston House remains open and is accessible by the public. 220 acres around the house including Penpole Wood and the Home Park are in the ownership of Bristol City Council with a further 90 Acres including the Shirehampton Park portion of the estate is owned by the National Trust.</p><br>
<p>The landscaped grounds developed during the seventeenth century following the purchase of the manor by Sir Robert Southwell in 1679. Robert keenly redesigned the formal gardens with the assistance of John Evelyn including the creation of parterre and wilderness gardens, formal avenues and the laying out of drives through the woodland. Robert&#39;s son Edward continued working on the landscape setting to the house following the completion of the new building in about 1720. Bristol Record Office holds a series of drawings illustrating projects to enhance the gardens. This included the construction of Penpole Lodge, the removal of thirty feet of hillside from Kingsweston Hill, and several projects for "Longcombe". The latter show that Edward Southwell was extending the designed landscape southwards to cover the area now known as Shirehampton Park.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Wright is recorded as having been engaged in redesigning the landscape in conjunction with Edward Southwell III immediately on the return of the latter to England from the Grand Tour in 1762. Letters now lodged at Bristol Record Office detail a close friendship between Wright and his client.</p><br>
<p>By the turn of the nineteenth century the estate was nationally famous for the spectacular views northwards across the Severn Estuary to Wales and southwards over the River Avon towards the Avon Gorge and Bristol. It formed the climax of well-published rides from fashionable resorts such as Bath, Clifton and Hotwells returning across Kingsweston Hill, Blaise Castle Estate and Westbury on Trym. Jane Austen makes reference to the estate and its charms in Northanger Abbey. It also became a popular destination for artists of the Romantic Movement attracting the likes of James Muller, Francis Danby and Nicholas Pococke. Poets including Robert Southey and Walter Savage Landor also visited and wrote about the spectacle of the distant views of Wales from Kingsweston Hill and Penpole Point.</p><br>
<p>Much of the former charm of Kings Weston has since been overshadowed by the development of the industrial suburb of Avonmouth to the north and the construction of the Lawrence Weston housing estate in the years following the Second World War. Further decay has resulted from the loss of views through lack of regular maintenance allowing self-seeded trees and shrubs to inundate formerly open slopes. However the Shirehampton Park section of the estate has fared better with the views towards the Avon Gorge remaining unobstructed.</p><br>
<h2>Kings Weston Action Group</h2><br>
<p>The Kings Weston Action Group or KWAG is a volunteer organisation established in April 2011 and focussed on the promotion, conservation and enhancement of the historic former parkland surrounding Kings Weston House in North Bristol.</p><br>
<p>The Kings Weston Action Group was set up to "protect the Kings Weston Estate and House, fight for its future, and protect its past". It was formed by a group of volunteers formed from local people, users of the parkland, and professionals interested in the conservation of the Grade II-registered historic landscape park and the Grade I listed house. The group was established after the announcement of the sale of the Grade I-listed house and the recognition that the condition of the landscaped grounds in the ownership of Bristol City Council were in an advanced state of decay and in urgent need of conservation.</p><br>
<p>The group&#39;s objectives are initially stated as to lobby the City Council to engineer a conservation and management plan for the estate, to monitor the Grade I-listed house and garden buildings, and to source funding to develop the grounds into a first-class green space for everyone to enjoy. A new conservation plan was commissioned by the City Council following pressure from the Kings Weston Action Group and was supported by a grant from the Bristol Buildings Preservation Trust in October 2011.</p><br>
<p>KWAG was launched in spring 2011 with an appeal for information that could lead to the recovery of a lost statue and has put on a number of exhibitions, learning events and campaigns. Since January 2012, it also runs regular monthly working party events focussed on taking direct action to help conserve the estate with the support of Bristol City Council and the National Trust.</p><br>
<p>KWAG has produced exhibition material based on its discoveries. Additional information was published in the form of a walking guide to promote the estate in 2012 and was launched at one of the group&#39;s regular walking tours.</p><br>
<p>Several archaeology projects have been undertaken by the group with the input of volunteers including a geophysical survey in conjunction with the University of Bristol and the recording of the ruins of Penpole Lodge, a lost building by Sir John Vanbrugh, in conjunction with officers from South Gloucestershire Council.</p><br>
